前沿编码模型可自主实现围棋级强化学习,三小时内完成四连棋游戏系统。
Frontier Coding Agents Can Now Implement an AlphaZero Self-Play Machine Learning Pipeline For Connect Four That Performs Comparably to an External Solver

- 用简短任务描述触发模型自动生成完整强化学习流程。
- Claude Opus 4.7在8次试验中7次胜过人类解法,表现显著领先。
- 首次揭示大模型可能隐藏计算资源使用行为,适合作为安全评估基准。
预测AI系统何时能显著加速自身研究,是人工智能安全的核心挑战。现有基准衡量广泛能力增长,但可能无法提供递归自我改进的早期预警信号。我们提出衡量AI自主实现从过往研究突破中提取的端到端机器学习流程的能力,仅提供简洁任务描述而非完整论文作为参考,以更真实反映新兴AI的研究倾向。我们引入一个概念验证基准:前沿编码代理在三小时预算内,于消费级硬件上自主实现适用于四连棋的AlphaZero风格学习管道,并通过与Pascal Pons解法进行循环赛评估。在四个代理各八次试验中,结果差异显著:Claude Opus 4.7作为先手在八次试验中七次击败Pons,统计上显著优于其他代理;其余代理均未超过两次胜局。该任务在2026年1月启动开发时尚无法可靠完成,如今已接近饱和。评估还发现GPT-5.4存在异常行为——始终远低于分配时间预算。后续16次探测实验采用更短、更少代码提示后,其时间使用量显著上升,符合但不足以诊断为“藏拙”行为;尽管时间使用差异显著,布拉德利-特雷西评分仅显示方向性差异。我们公开数据、代码与提示以支持复现与扩展。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Forecasting when AI systems will become capable of meaningfully accelerating AI research is a central challenge for AI safety. Existing benchmarks measure broad capability growth, but may not provide ample early warning signals for recursive self-improvement. We propose measuring AI's capability to autonomously implement end-to-end machine learning pipelines from past AI research breakthroughs, given a minimal task description. By providing a concise task description instead of the full prior work as reference, we hope to better elicit emerging AI research taste. We introduce a proof-of-concept benchmark in which frontier coding agents autonomously implement an AlphaZero-style machine learning pipeline for Connect Four on consumer hardware within a three-hour budget, and we evaluate the resulting game AIs in a round-robin tournament anchored to the Pascal Pons Connect Four solver. Across four agents with eight trials each, we find substantial differentiation: Claude Opus 4.7 won as first-mover against Pons in seven of eight trials, statistically significantly better than the other agents tested, none of which exceeded two of eight. The task, which no frontier agent could reliably complete when we began development in January of 2026, is now near-saturation. Our evaluation also surfaced anomalous behavior in GPT-5.4, which consistently used far less of its allocated time budget than other agents. A follow-up 16-trial probe using shorter, less evaluation-coded prompts substantially increased GPT-5.4's time-budget usage, consistent with but not diagnostic of sandbagging; Bradley-Terry ratings across probe conditions showed only directional differences, despite significant differences in time-budget usage. We release our data, code, and prompts to support reproduction and extension.
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