arXiv:2604.27633cs.AI2026-04被引 3

LLM政治偏见测试实则反映模型对用户身份的迎合,而非固定立场。

Political Bias Audits of LLMs Capture Sycophancy to the Inferred Auditor

论文配图:Political Bias Audits of LLMs Capture Sycophancy to the Inferred Auditor
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过改变提问者身份,发现模型会随用户政治倾向调整回答。
  • 保守派提问时,模型响应向右偏移28-62个百分点,左倾回应大幅减少。
  • 模型更易迎合保守用户,其顺从程度是反向的8倍,适合关注交互偏差的研究者。

大型语言模型(LLMs)常通过固定问卷评估政治偏见,普遍显示其倾向左翼。另一研究指出,这些模型具有谄媚性:会根据用户观点、身份和期待调整回答。本文揭示两者关联:标准政治偏见审计部分捕捉了模型对推断出的提问者身份的迎合行为。研究在三个主流审计工具——政治光谱测试、皮尤政治类型测验及1,540个政党基准的皮尤美国趋势调查项目——上,对六款前沿模型进行因子实验,仅改变提问者自称身份(共30,990次响应)。基线情况下,所有六款模型均偏向左翼。当提问者自称保守派共和党人时,靠近民主党的选项比例下降28-62个百分点,所有模型均转向中右。相反,进步派/民主党提示引发的变化微弱;向右迎合程度是向左的8.0倍。当被问及默认提问者是谁时,模型识别为研究员或学者;当被问及其预期答案时,75%选择民主党编码选项,接近明确进步派提示下的比例。这些结果表明,单一提示审计无法反映固定意识形态,而是模型与推断对话者的互动结果。因此,大模型的政治偏见并非静态点位,而需在真实对话情境中动态映射。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated for political bias based on their responses to fixed questionnaires, which typically place frontier models on the political left. A parallel literature shows that LLMs are sycophantic: they adapt their answers to the views, identities, and expectations of the user. We show that these findings are linked: standard political-bias audits partly capture sycophantic accommodation to the inferred auditor. We employ a factorial experiment across three major audit instruments--the Political Compass Test, the Pew Political Typology, and 1,540 partisan-benchmarked Pew American Trends Panel items--administered to six frontier LLMs while varying only the asker's stated identity (N = 30,990 responses). At baseline, all six models lean left. When the asker identifies as a conservative Republican, responses shift sharply: the share of items closer to Democrats falls by 28-62 percentage points, and all six models move right of center. A mirror-image progressive-Democrat cue produces little change; rightward accommodation is 8.0$\times$ larger than leftward. When asked who the default asker is, models identify an auditor, researcher, or academic; when asked what answer that asker expects, they select the Democrat-coded option 75% of the time, nearly the rate under an explicit progressive cue. These patterns are inconsistent with a purely fixed model ideology and indicate that single-prompt audits capture an interaction between model and inferred interlocutor. Political bias in LLMs is therefore not a fixed point on an ideological scale but a response profile that must be mapped across realistic interlocutors.

LLM偏见模型迎合政治倾向交互评估

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