通过黑盒强化学习对齐,解决多模态模型训练中的分布漂移问题。
Beyond SFT-to-RL: Pre-alignment via Black-Box On-Policy Distillation for Multimodal RL

- 引入基于策略蒸馏的分布对齐阶段,分离感知与推理错误信号。
- 在4B和8B模型上分别提升平均准确率4.4和6.0点。
- 适合关注多模态强化学习对齐与高质量数据构建的研究者。
大型多模态模型的标准后训练流程通常为:先在精选示范数据上进行监督微调(SFT),再通过可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)优化。然而,SFT会引入分布漂移,既无法保留模型原有能力,也无法忠实匹配监督分布。该问题在多模态推理中尤为严重,因感知误差与推理失败呈现不同漂移模式,导致后续强化学习时误差累积。为此,本文提出PRISM三阶段框架,在SFT与RLVR之间加入显式分布对齐阶段。基于在线策略蒸馏(OPD)原理,将对齐建模为策略与混合专家(MoE)判别器间的黑盒响应级对抗游戏,其中判别器包含独立的感知与推理专家,提供解耦的修正信号,无需访问教师模型的输出概率。1.26M公开示范数据足以支持初始SFT,但分布对齐需更高保真度监督;因此,我们从Gemini 3 Flash获取113K额外示范数据,覆盖密集视觉定位与最困难未解问题的分步推理。在Qwen3-VL上的实验表明,PRISM在多种强化学习算法(GRPO、DAPO、GSPO)和多模态基准上均显著提升下游性能,4B与8B模型平均准确率较标准SFT-to-RLVR基线分别提升+4.4和+6.0点。代码、数据与模型检查点已开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The standard post-training recipe for large multimodal models (LMMs) applies supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on curated demonstrations followed by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). However, SFT introduces distributional drift that neither preserves the model's original capabilities nor faithfully matches the supervision distribution. This problem is further amplified in multimodal reasoning, where perception errors and reasoning failures follow distinct drift patterns that compound during subsequent RL. We introduce PRISM, a three-stage pipeline that mitigates this drift by inserting an explicit distribution-alignment stage between SFT and RLVR. Building on the principle of on-policy distillation (OPD), PRISM casts alignment as a black-box, response-level adversarial game between the policy and a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) discriminator with dedicated perception and reasoning experts, providing disentangled corrective signals that steer the policy toward the supervision distribution without requiring access to teacher logits. While 1.26M public demonstrations suffice for broad SFT initialization, distribution alignment demands higher-fidelity supervision; we therefore curate 113K additional demonstrations from Gemini 3 Flash, featuring dense visual grounding and step-by-step reasoning on the hardest unsolved problems. Experiments on Qwen3-VL show that PRISM consistently improves downstream RLVR performance across multiple RL algorithms (GRPO, DAPO, GSPO) and diverse multimodal benchmarks, improving average accuracy by +4.4 and +6.0 points over the SFT-to-RLVR baseline on 4B and 8B, respectively. Our code, data, and model checkpoints are publicly available at https://github.com/XIAO4579/PRISM.
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