研究如何评估自动驾驶中人类对车辆的有意义控制感。
Linking Behaviour and Perception to Evaluate Meaningful Human Control over Partially Automated Driving
- 通过驾驶模拟实验对比两种控制模式下的行为与感知数据。
- 发现驾驶员对系统理解力的感知与转向冲突呈负相关。
- 强调透明意图沟通和自然人机交互对提升控制感的重要性。
部分自动驾驶带来责任与控制权之间的张力：驾驶员在法律上仍需负责车辆行为，但实际操控大幅减少，削弱了其参与感与干预能力。为应对这一问题，提出了‘有意义的人类控制’（MHC）框架。然而，现有实证方法尚不成熟。本研究通过24名受试者在模拟器中完成的实验，考察驾驶员在静默自动化故障下对部分自动驾驶系统的控制感体验。实验采用触觉共控（HSC）和权责交换控制（TC）两种模式。基于遥测数据提取行为指标，结合问卷调查获取主观感知评分，检验了来自MHC理论的假设关系。验证分析显示，驾驶员对自动驾驶系统理解力的感知与转向扭矩冲突之间存在显著负相关；探索性分析发现反应时间与控制感感知呈正相关。开放问卷反馈表明，驾驶员与自动化意图不匹配、安全感缺失及输入被抗拒会降低控制感，而贴合驾驶员意图的微妙触觉引导则有积极影响。研究建议未来设计应注重干预的无感性、自动化意图的透明传达以及情境敏感的权限分配，以强化部分自动驾驶中的有意义人类控制。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Partial driving automation creates a tension: drivers remain legally responsible for vehicle behaviour, yet their active control is significantly reduced. This reduction undermines the engagement and sense of agency needed to intervene safely. Meaningful human control (MHC) has been proposed as a normative framework to address this tension. However, empirical methods for evaluating whether existing systems actually provide MHC remain underdeveloped. In this study, we investigated the extent to which drivers experience MHC when interacting with partially automated driving systems. Twenty-four drivers completed a simulator study involving silent automation failures under two modes - haptic shared control (HSC) and traded control (TC). We derived behavioural metrics from telemetry data, subjective perception scores from post-trial surveys and used them to test hypothesised relations between them derived from the properties of systems under MHC. The confirmatory analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the perception of the automated vehicle (AV) understanding the driver and conflict in steering torques. An exploratory analysis also revealed a surprising positive correlation between reaction times and the perception of sufficient control. Qualitative feedback from open-ended post-experiment questionnaires revealed that mismatches in intentions between the driver and automation, lack of safety, and resistance to driver inputs contribute to the reduction of perceived MHC, while subtle haptic guidance aligned with driver intent had a positive effect. These findings suggest that future designs should prioritise effortless driver interventions, transparent communication of automation intent, and context-sensitive authority allocation to strengthen meaningful human control in partially automated driving.
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