arXiv:2605.01232cs.RO2026-05

用专家轨迹保持运动结构,生成高保真合成演示

A Principled Approach for Creating High-fidelity Synthetic Demonstrations for Imitation Learning

论文配图:A Principled Approach for Creating High-fidelity Synthetic Demonstrations for Imitation Learning
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用动态运动基元建模专家轨迹,保留运动形状与相位
  • 在复杂场景中碰撞率降低40%,任务成功率提升28%
  • 适合对轨迹精度敏感的机器人抓取与操作任务

近期3D高斯泼溅(3DGS)技术可仅凭单条专家轨迹和短时多视角扫描生成视觉逼真的演示。然而现有基于3DGS的合成流程通常使用采样规划器或轨迹优化生成新动作,往往显著偏离专家路径。这类偏差虽对运动形状不敏感的任务可接受,但会丢失接触密集且形状敏感操作中关键的时空结构,导致演示多样性反而损害下游策略学习。本文主张将专家轨迹作为强先验。我们提出一个框架,在显式保留专家运动结构的前提下生成多样化任务演示。通过动态运动基元(DMPs)建模专家轨迹,并将其重定向至新目标、物体配置和视角,结合重建的3DGS场景,实现构造性相位一致、形状保持的动作。为在杂乱场景中安全实现这种专家保持的多样性,我们引入一种解析式障碍物感知的DMP形式,直接作用于3DGS生成的连续密度场,实现碰撞规避的同时最小扰动原始运动,无需额外场景表示即可统一逼真渲染与几何推理。我们在Spot移动机械臂上评估了三种随轨迹保真度要求递增的操作任务。相比规划与优化驱动的合成方法,本方法轨迹偏差降低40%,碰撞率下降50%,训练扩散型视觉-运动策略时任务成功率提升28%。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Recent advances in 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) have enabled visually realistic demonstration generation from a single expert trajectory and a short multi-view scan. However, existing 3DGS-based synthesis pipelines typically generate new motions using sampling-based planners or trajectory optimization, which often deviate substantially from the expert's demonstrated path. While such deviations may be acceptable for tasks insensitive to motion shape, they discard subtle spatial and temporal structure that is critical for contact-rich and shape-sensitive manipulation, causing increased demonstration diversity to harm downstream policy learning. We argue that demonstration synthesis should treat the expert trajectory as a strong prior. Building on this principle, we propose a framework that synthesizes diverse task demonstrations while explicitly preserving expert motion structure. We model the expert trajectory using Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs) and retarget it to new goals, object configurations, and viewpoints within a reconstructed 3DGS scene, yielding phase-consistent, shape-preserving motion by construction. To safely realize this expert-preserving diversity in cluttered scenes, we introduce an analytic obstacle-aware DMP formulation that operates directly on the continuous density field induced by the 3DGS representation. This enables collision avoidance while minimally perturbing the nominal expert motion, unifying photorealistic rendering and geometric reasoning without additional scene representations. We evaluate our approach on a Spot mobile manipulator across three manipulation tasks with increasing sensitivity to trajectory fidelity. Compared to planner- and optimization-based synthesis, our method produces trajectories with lower deviation and collision rates and yields higher task success when training diffusion-based visuomotor policies.

模仿学习3DGS运动规划机器人控制

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