arXiv:2605.01364cs.LGcs.SY2026-05

用物理启发的Transformer模型,实现跨建筑通用热力预测。

Toward a foundational thermal model for residential buildings

论文配图:Toward a foundational thermal model for residential buildings
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将导数增强与欧拉积分嵌入解码器架构,融合热力学知识。
  • 在德州和佛蒙特州预测误差低于0.30°C,优于传统模型和微调基线。
  • 仅用2个建筑训练即可零样本迁移至未知建筑与气候区。

建筑能源领域缺乏一个基础性热力模型——即无需针对具体建筑校准,就能在多种建筑、气候和控制策略间泛化的单一预训练模型。实现这一目标需依赖捕捉普适热力动态的架构原则,而非记忆特定建筑模式。本文提出一种物理信息驱动的Transformer架构,将导数增强、欧拉数值积分等领域知识嵌入解码器框架,并利用仿真模型提取的静态建筑特征,结合旋转位置注意力机制捕捉时间依赖性。在涵盖247栋住宅建筑、三个气候区的CityLearn数据集上,模型实现单步预测(德州RMSE 0.30°C,佛蒙特州RMSE 0.29°C),性能超越传统基线与微调的时间序列基础模型。进一步验证了零样本迁移能力:仅用两个建筑训练即可泛化至未见建筑与气候区,无需微调。尽管数据基于模拟建筑,结果仍确立了物理信息架构作为通用建筑热力模型的可行基础。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

The building energy community lacks a foundational thermal model, i.e., a single pretrained model capable of generalizing across diverse buildings, climates, and control strategies without building-specific calibration. Achieving this vision requires architectural principles that capture universal thermal dynamics rather than memorizing building-specific patterns. We take a step toward this goal by presenting a physics-informed transformer architecture that embeds domain knowledge, e.g., derivative enrichment and Euler-based numerical integration, into a decoder-only framework. We incorporate static building features extracted from simulation models and employ Rotary Position Embedding attention to capture temporal dependencies. Evaluated on the CityLearn dataset spanning 247 residential buildings across three climate zones, our model achieves one-step prediction accuracy (RMSE of 0.30°C in Texas, 0.29°C in Vermont) while outperforming both traditional baselines and fine-tuned Time-Series Foundation Models. We also demonstrate zero-shot transferability: models trained on as few as two buildings generalize to unseen buildings and climate zones without fine-tuning. Despite the limitation of simulated residential buildings, our results establish physics-informed architectural principles as a promising foundation for universal building thermal models.

热力建模物理信息零样本迁移建筑能源

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