用加密手机流量分析睡眠、压力和孤独感,发现行为变化模式可被模型捕捉。
Learning Behavioral Signals from Encrypted Smartphone Network Traffic

- 用带用户适配器的Transformer模型学习流量行为表示,区分个体基线与异常。
- 压力主要体现为个体间长期差异,孤独感更关联个体内部波动,睡眠问题则两者兼具。
- 相比人工特征,机器学习提取的行为信号更能反映个体动态变化,适合心理监测。
人类行为难以大规模连续测量,但个人设备交互可能反映日常规律与健康状态。本文研究加密智能手机网络流量是否可作为睡眠障碍、压力和孤独感等行为状态的被动感知信号。采用基于Transformer的模型,结合用户特定适配器,学习网络活动表征,同时考虑个体基线及偏离程度。通过稀疏表示学习解析潜在行为特征,并利用广义估计方程与Mundlak分解,分离稳定的个体间差异与个体内的时变变化。结果表明:压力主要与稳定的人群间差异相关,孤独感更受个体内部波动影响,而睡眠障碍则兼具两者特征。重要的是,传统手工设计的流量特征无法捕捉这些个体内部变化,凸显了学习表征在纵向行为建模中的优势。研究证明,加密流量中蕴含可解释的行为信息,可支持对个体行为动态的被动、可扩展监测,尤其适用于相对于个人常态的变化检测。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Human behavior is challenging to measure continuously at scale, yet traces of daily routines and well-being may be reflected in interactions with personal devices. We investigate whether encrypted smartphone network traffic can serve as a passive sensing signal for behavioral states related to sleep disturbance, stress, and loneliness. To capture both population-level patterns and individual-specific behavior, we employ a transformer-based model with user-specific adapters that learns representations of network activity while accounting for personal baselines and deviations from them. To improve interpretability, we further analyze these representations using sparse representation learning to identify latent behavioral features associated with distinct activity patterns. We relate the resulting features to sleep disturbance, stress, and loneliness using generalized estimating equations with Mundlak decomposition, enabling separation of stable between-person differences from within-person changes over time. Our analysis reveals that the three outcomes are characterized by different temporal dynamics: stress is predominantly associated with persistent between-person variation, loneliness is more strongly linked to within-person fluctuations, and sleep disturbance reflects a combination of both. Importantly, these within-person behavioral signals are not recovered by conventional handcrafted network-traffic features, highlighting the advantages of learned representations for longitudinal behavioral modeling. Overall, our findings demonstrate that encrypted network traffic contains interpretable behavioral information and can support passive, scalable monitoring of behavioral dynamics, particularly changes relative to an individual's typical pattern of activity.
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