用反事实+真实交互结合的方式,让自动驾驶策略在闭环运行时更稳定可靠。
CRAFT: Counterfactual-to-Interactive Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Driving Policies

- 通过反事实优势做密集预估,再用真实交互修正偏差,形成闭环优化。
- 在Bench2Drive上多个架构均实现最强闭环性能提升。
- 适合研究自动驾驶策略部署与鲁棒性优化的开发者或研究员。
开环模仿学习推动了现代自动驾驶策略的发展,但闭环部署仍易受策略引发的分布偏移影响。现有训练后范式存在根本权衡:闭环强化学习微调虽能提供执行动作的真实反馈,却受限于信息事件稀疏;反事实微调虽提供密集监督,但继承未来预测不准确带来的偏差。本文提出反事实到交互式强化微调(CRAFT),一种在线策略框架,将闭环训练建模为代理残差优化。CRAFT 使用组归一化的反事实优势作为真实闭环优势的密集代理,并通过交互关键事件进行真实世界校准以对齐代理。为稳定适应,采用非对称KL自蒸馏,将在线策略正则化至EMA教师模型。理论上,CRAFT 在相同访问状态分布下将真实闭环策略梯度分解为代理项与残差项,在对齐代理的同时降低残差方差并缓解代理偏差。实验表明,CRAFT 在Bench2Drive数据集上,对分层规划、视觉-语言-动作及词汇评分等多种架构均取得最优闭环表现。消融实验、缩放行为、稳定性分析及迁移结果进一步验证了密集反事实代理与真实残差校准的互补作用。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Open-loop imitation learning has advanced modern autonomous driving policy architectures, but closed-loop deployment remains vulnerable to policy-induced distribution shift. Existing post-training paradigms exhibit fundamental trade-offs: closed-loop RL fine-tuning provides grounded feedback from executed actions but is constrained by the sparsity of informative events, whereas counterfactual fine-tuning provides dense supervision over candidate futures but inherits bias from imperfect future estimates. We introduce Counterfactual-to-Interactive Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (CRAFT), an on-policy framework that formulates closed-loop post-training as proxy-residual optimization. CRAFT uses group-normalized counterfactual advantages as a dense proxy for real closed-loop advantages and aligns this proxy with the closed-loop world through grounded residual correction from interaction-critical events. To stabilize adaptation, CRAFT regularizes the online policy toward an EMA teacher via asymmetric KL self-distillation. Theoretically, CRAFT decomposes the real closed-loop policy gradient into proxy and residual terms under the same visited-state distribution, reducing residual variance with an aligned proxy while mitigating proxy bias through grounded residual approximation. Empirically, CRAFT achieves the strongest closed-loop gains on Bench2Drive across hierarchical planning, vision-language-action, and vocabulary-scoring architectures. Ablations, scaling behavior, stability analyses, and transfer results further validate the complementary roles of dense counterfactual proxy and grounded residual correction. Project page: https://currychen77.github.io/CRAFT.
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