只改音频中关键片段,就能成功攻击语音大模型。
Sparse Tokens Suffice: Jailbreaking Audio Language Models via Token-Aware Gradient Optimization

- 按音素粒度筛选高梯度区域,仅更新少数关键片段。
- 保留25%关键音素时,攻击成功率仍达86%。
- 适合研究模型安全与高效攻击的学者参考。
语音语言模型(ALMs)的越狱攻击通常密集地更新整个波形以生成有害内容。本文分析了音素对齐梯度的结构,发现梯度能量在音素间分布极不均匀,仅少数音素区域主导优化信号。为此提出令牌感知梯度优化(TAGO),每轮迭代仅保留高梯度能量的音素对齐波形梯度,其余梯度被屏蔽。在三个ALM上,TAGO均优于基线;例如在Qwen3-Omni上,当音素保留率降至0.25时,攻击成功率(ASR_l)仍保持86%,接近全量保留的87%。结果表明,密集波形更新近乎冗余,建议未来音频越狱与安全对齐研究应更充分挖掘音素级梯度异质性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Jailbreak attacks on audio language models (ALMs) optimize audio perturbations to elicit unsafe generations, and they typically update the entire waveform densely throughout optimization. In this work, we investigate the necessity of such dense optimization by analyzing the structure of token-aligned gradients in ALMs. We find that gradient energy is highly non-uniform across audio tokens, indicating that only a small subset of token-aligned audio regions dominates the optimization signal. Motivated by this observation, we propose Token-Aware Gradient Optimization (TAGO), which enables sparse jailbreak optimization by retaining only waveform gradients aligned with audio tokens that have high gradient energy, while masking the remaining gradients at each iteration. Across three ALMs, TAGO outperforms baselines, and substantial sparsification preserves strong attack success rates (e.g. on Qwen3-Omni, $\mathrm{ASR}_{l}$ remains at 86% with a token retention ratio of 0.25, compared to 87% with full token retention). These results demonstrate that dense waveform updates are largely redundant, and we advocate that future audio jailbreak and safety alignment research should further leverage this heterogeneous token-level gradient structure.
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