用AI Agent在无源码的商业软件中自动发现漏洞,效果远超传统工具。
Agentic Vulnerability Reasoning on COTS Binaries
- 构建基于REACT框架的SLYP系统,结合动态调试与工具链探索二进制文件
- 在20个对象的COM测试集上发现64个漏洞,准确率高于现有静态分析工具
- 可生成经调试验证的漏洞证明,适合安全研究人员和红队实战使用
LLM代理在安全任务中日益普及,但现有评估多依赖源代码,而实际部署的商业软件(COTS)通常以剥离、优化的机器码形式存在,需从二进制直接推理。这一差距引发关键问题:现代LLM代理能否在关键COTS二进制中识别漏洞?为此,我们构建了SLYP——一种基于REACT风格的端到端漏洞发现与验证管道。SLYP整合可扩展的MCP服务器用于二进制探索与动态调试,并通过合成经调试验证的漏洞利用(PoC)崩溃来确认候选漏洞。我们在以20个对象为核心的COM基准测试集上评估SLYP及主流编码代理(如Claude Code、Codex)。SLYP成功发现全部64个漏洞入口函数,而默认生产级代理最高遗漏15个;其发现的真实漏洞数量超过当前最优静态分析器(最多发现35个,且误报众多)。在验证方面,SLYP为67.5%的案例生成调试验证的PoC,而默认代理未生成任何有效PoC。消融实验表明工具集和模型选择显著影响推理效果。额外评估显示SLYP在Windows内核目标上具备泛化能力。截至目前,SLYP已发现39个零日漏洞(其中31个在COM/RPC服务,8个在内核驱动),均提交微软安全响应中心(MSRC),获23个CVE编号及20.3万美元赏金。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLM agents have been increasingly adopted for solving security tasks. However, existing evaluations usually require source code access, while commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) binaries dominate deployed software and require reasoning from stripped, optimized machine code. This discrepancy raises an important question: can modern LLM agents reason about vulnerabilities in critical COTS binaries? Motivated by this question, we build SLYP, a REACT-style pipeline for end-to-end vulnerability discovery and validation of COTS binaries. SLYP combines extensible MCP servers for binary exploration and dynamic debugging, and validates candidate vulnerabilities by synthesizing debugger-verified proof-of-concept (PoC) crashes. We evaluate SLYP and production coding agents, including Claude Code and Codex, on COTS Windows binaries centered on a 20-object COM benchmark. SLYP uncovers all 64 vulnerable entry functions while default production agents miss up to 15; SLYP also surfaces more true vulnerabilities than the state-of-the-art static analyzer, which discovers at most 35 with a large number of false positives. For validation, SLYP generates debugger-verified PoCs for 67.5% of cases, while default production agents generate none. Further ablations show that tool sets and model choice materially affect COTS binary reasoning. Our additional evaluation also demonstrates the generalizability of SLYP on Windows kernel targets. To date, SLYP has uncovered 39 zero-day vulnerabilities, 31 in COM/RPC services and 8 in kernel drivers, all disclosed to the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC), with 23 assigned CVEs and $203,000 bounty awards.
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