arXiv:2605.06241cs.CL2026-05被引 1

强化学习提升大模型推理,本质是选对已有解法,而非学会新策略。

Rethinking RL for LLM Reasoning: It's Sparse Policy Selection, Not Capability Learning

  • 只在模型不确定时的少数关键节点进行精准修正,不改变整体能力。
  • 仅1%-3%的词元位置被调整,且修正后准确率提升近90%。
  • 无需强化学习,用少量样本和极短训练即可达到同等效果。

强化学习已成为提升大语言模型推理能力的标准方法,但越来越多证据表明,其作用并非教会模型新策略,而是将概率质量重新分配到基座模型已有的解法中。本文通过跨模型家族与算法的逐词分析发现,强化学习的有效影响集中在高熵决策点,即模型不确定应选择哪条路径的位置。仅有1%–3%的词元位置被调整,被提升的词元始终位于基座模型前5个候选之中。在这些关键点进行针对性修正,可因果性地恢复强化学习带来的大部分性能增益,而随机修正则无效。基座模型自身的熵即可识别这些位置,且整个修正过程维度极低,仅需极少参数即可表示。研究将推理改进重新定义为稀疏策略选择,而非能力获取。据此提出无需强化学习的ReasonMaxxer方法,仅在熵门控决策点施加对比损失,使用数百次基座模型采样与无在线生成。在三个模型家族、六种规模及六项数学推理基准上,ReasonMaxxer性能媲美或超越完整强化学习,训练成本降低约三个数量级,仅需数十道题与数分钟单卡训练。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reinforcement learning has become the standard for improving reasoning in large language models, yet evidence increasingly suggests that RL does not teach new strategies; it redistributes probability mass over solutions the base model already contains. In this work, we ask: if RL merely steers the model toward paths it already knows, is the RL optimization loop itself necessary? Through token-level analysis across multiple model families and RL algorithms, we find that RL's beneficial footprint is a sparse, predictable correction concentrated at high-entropy decision points where the model is uncertain which branch to take. Only 1--3\% of token positions are affected, the promoted token always lies within the base model's top-5 alternatives, and targeted corrections at those few positions causally recover a large fraction of RL's accuracy gain, while random corrections fail. The base model's own entropy identifies these positions without any RL-trained model, and the entire correction is low-dimensional, representable in a tiny fraction of model parameters. These findings reframe reasoning improvement as sparse policy selection, not capability acquisition. We translate this insight into ReasonMaxxer, a minimal RL-free method that applies contrastive loss only at entropy-gated decision points, using a few hundred base-model rollouts and no online generation. Across three model families, six scales, and six math reasoning benchmarks, ReasonMaxxer matches or exceeds full RL performance while requiring only tens of problems and minutes of single-GPU training, a reduction in training cost of roughly three orders of magnitude.

强化学习推理优化稀疏修正低成本训练

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