直接压缩光子时间戳，256倍压缩下仍保持高精度荧光寿命成像。
Histogramless Time-Domain Sketched Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
- 基于费雪信息优化节点位置，用非均匀样条草图压缩时间戳。
- 在256倍压缩比下，精度接近全直方图拟合方法。
- 可直接嵌入固件，适合高分辨率单光子探测阵列使用。
我们提出一种面向统计特性的压缩策略，直接处理时间相关单光子计数（TCSPC）模块输出的光子时间戳，用于时域荧光寿命成像（FLIM）。不存储或传输每个像素的完整直方图，而是将时间戳投影到稀疏、非均匀的一维样条草图上，节点位置基于费雪信息最优分配。该分配方式聚焦于衰减信号统计可区分性最强的区域，而非均匀分布。该方法在合成单/双指数衰减数据及实验荧光染料数据上进行了充分验证，证明在高达256倍压缩比下，其精度与全直方图非线性最小二乘拟合（NLSF）和泊松最大似然估计（MLE）相当。进一步通过定点（FXP）查找表（LUT）仿真验证了该时间戳到草图投影算法在固件中集成的可行性，适用于面临严重数据吞吐量限制的高空间分辨率单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）阵列。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We present a statistics-aware compression strategy that processes photon timestamps directly from time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) modules for time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). Rather than storing or transmitting the full histogram per pixel, timestamps are projected onto sparse, non-uniform one-dimensional spline sketches, with knot positions optimally allocated based on Fisher information. This knot allocation concentrates sketch channels where the decay signal exhibits the greatest statistical discriminability, rather than using a uniform allocation. The proposed approach is extensively validated on synthetic mono- and bi-exponential decay data and on experimental fluorescent dye data, demonstrating comparable accuracy to full-histogram non-linear least-squares fitting (NLSF) and Poisson maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) at compression ratios of up to 256x. We further validate the feasibility of integrating the timestamp-to-sketch projection directly into firmware via fixed-point (FXP) lookup-table (LUT) simulation, targeting high-spatial-resolution single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays subject to significant data-throughput constraints.
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