arXiv:2605.06731cs.CRcs.CL2026-05

长期对话会悄悄污染智能助手的记忆,导致其行为失控。

When Routine Chats Turn Toxic: Unintended Long-Term State Poisoning in Personalized Agents

论文配图:When Routine Chats Turn Toxic: Unintended Long-Term State Poisoning in Personalized Agents
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过日常对话逐步污染助手的长期记忆状态
  • 实验显示常规交互可显著提升危险行为风险,最高达78%
  • 适合关注AI安全与长期记忆防护的研究者

个性化大模型代理通过持久化跨会话状态支持长周期协作,但这种持久性引入了隐蔽而关键的安全漏洞:日常用户-代理互动会逐渐重塑代理的长期状态,无意中弱化未来确认边界、扩大工具使用默认范围并加剧自主行为。我们将其定义为「非预期长期状态污染」。为此,我们构建了涵盖350个场景的双语基准测试集ULSPB,包含五类协助任务、七种交互模式、24轮常规对话及对应单次注入对照组。我们提出“危害得分”(HS)量化授权漂移、工具使用升级和无约束自治程度。在OpenClaw上对四种骨干模型的实验表明,尽管单次注入有效,但常规对话本身即可显著污染长期状态,主要影响以记忆为核心的表征。基于真实用户交互的验证确认该风险并非合成提示的产物。为此,我们提出轻量级后执行防御机制StateGuard,于写回边界审计状态差异并选择性回滚危险修改。在所有模型上,StateGuard将HS降至接近零,降低误报率,且在安全优先策略下保持可接受的高误报率与极低开销。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Personalized LLM agents maintain persistent cross-session state to support long-horizon collaboration. Yet, this persistence introduces a subtle but critical security vulnerability: routine user-agent interactions can gradually reshape an agent's long-term state, inadvertently weakening future confirmation boundaries, expanding tool-use defaults, and escalating autonomous behavior over time. We formalize this risk as \textbf{unintended long-term state poisoning}. To systematically study it, we introduce the \textbf{Unintended Long-Term State Poisoning Bench (ULSPB)}, a bilingual benchmark comprising $350$ settings spanning five assistance categories, seven interaction patterns, 24-turn routine interactions, and matched single-injection counterparts. Furthermore, we define the \emph{Harm Score} (HS), a state-centric metric that quantifies \emph{authorization drift}, \emph{tool-use escalation}, and \emph{unchecked autonomy}. Experiments on OpenClaw with four backbone LLMs demonstrate that, while single-injection is generally effective, routine conversations alone can substantially poison long-term state, primarily corrupting memory-centric artifacts. Evaluations seeded with real-world user interactions confirm that this risk is not a mere artifact of synthetic prompts. To mitigate this threat, we propose \textbf{StateGuard}, a lightweight, post-execution defense that audits state diffs at the writeback boundary and selectively rolls back dangerous edits. Across all evaluated models, StateGuard reduces HS to near zero and lowers false-negative rates, with acceptable high false-positive rates under a safety-first writeback defense and minimal overhead.

AI安全长期记忆状态污染大模型

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