用双层优化让量子玻尔兹曼机突破连接限制,单层即达95.6%目标态概率。
Breaking QAOA's Fixed Target Hamiltonian Barrier: A Fully Connected Quantum Boltzmann Machine via Bilevel Optimization

- 通过双层优化改造QAOA电路,实现全连接量子玻尔兹曼机。
- 无噪声时目标态测量概率达0.9559,噪声下仍保持0.6047(主流设备)和0.3859(加倍噪声)。
- 仅10次测量、单层结构即可稳定生成目标图像,适合实际量子硬件部署。
为克服经典部分连接玻尔兹曼机与主流量子玻尔兹曼机的局限,本文将量子近似优化算法(QAOA)传统电路扩展为双层优化架构,提出全连接量子玻尔兹曼机(QBM)。内层训练模拟常规QAOA电路中的正相能量最小化,外层训练通过优化目标哈密顿量结构参数实现负相对比散度学习。结果表明:第一,在无噪声条件下,仅使用单层(p=1)QAOA电路时,目标量子态测量平均概率达0.9559;第二,模型具备显著抗噪能力,在当前主流商用量子设备典型噪声水平下,目标态测量平均概率为0.6047;当噪声强度加倍时,该值仍维持在0.3859,且目标态测量概率远高于其他状态,是第二高概率状态的数倍;第三,在块状分步学习策略下,采用p=1与仅10次测量,模型可稳定生成目标“量子比特”网格图像,不受噪声干扰,展现出强大的图像生成鲁棒性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
To overcome the limitations of classical partially connected Boltzmann machines and mainstream quantum Boltzmann machines (QBMs), this work extends the conventional circuit of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) to a bilevel optimization architecture and proposes a fully connected QBM. The inner-loop training simulates positive phase energy minimization based on the computational process of the conventional QAOA circuit, whereas the outer-loop training simulates negative phase contrastive divergence learning by optimizing the structural parameters of the target Hamiltonian. It is found that, first, the model exhibits superior performance using only a single layer (p=1) in the QAOA circuit, with an average probability of 0.9559 in measuring the target quantum state under noiseless conditions. Second, the model exhibits notable noise robustness. Under the typical noise level of current mainstream commercial quantum computing devices, the average probability of measuring the target quantum state reaches 0.6047; when the noise rises to a more stringent level with doubled intensity, this probability remains at 0.3859. In both scenarios, the target quantum state maintains the highest measurement probability among all detected states, with a value several times higher than that of the second-ranked state. This indicates that the model retains strong robustness even when noise meets or exceeds the upper limit of current mainstream commercial quantum computing devices. Third, under a block-by-block learning strategy with p=1 and only 10 measurement shots, the model consistently generates the target "qubit" grid image regardless of noise interference, demonstrating strong robustness in image generation.
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