让大模型通过主动交互三类智能体,突破自身推理瓶颈。
AIPO: Learning to Reason from Active Interaction

- 训练时让模型主动调用验证、知识、推理三类代理获取精准指导。
- 在多个基准上超越现有方法,提升幅度达3.2%-11.7%。
- 适合想提升大模型自主推理能力的研究者与开发者。
大型语言模型(LLM)的推理能力近年来取得显著进展,主要得益于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)。然而,现有强化学习算法存在根本局限:探索受限于策略模型的固有能力边界。尽管近期方法引入外部专家示范以扩展该边界,但通常依赖完整的轨迹级引导,导致样本效率低、信息稀疏,且可能将探索局限于静态指导空间。受多智能体系统潜力启发,我们提出AIPO——一种通过主动多智能体交互增强强化学习的框架,以提升LLM推理能力。具体而言,当遇到推理瓶颈时,策略模型可主动咨询三类协作智能体:验证代理、知识代理和推理代理,从而获得细粒度、针对性的指导,主动扩展训练期间的能力边界。我们还设计了定制的重要性采样系数与截断策略,以缓解从代理反馈中学习时出现的离策略偏差和梯度消失问题。训练完成后,策略模型可独立完成推理,无需依赖协作智能体。在AIME、MATH500、GPQA-Diamond和LiveCodeBench等多样化推理基准上的大量实验表明,AIPO能持续提升推理性能,对不同策略模型和RLVR算法均具有强泛化能力,并有效拓展策略模型的推理能力边界。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, largely stimulated by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). However, existing RL algorithms face a fundamental limitation: their exploration remains largely constrained by the inherent capability boundary of the policy model. Although recent methods introduce external expert demonstrations to extend this boundary, they typically rely on complete trajectory-level guidance, which is sample-inefficient, information-sparse, and may confine exploration to a static guidance space. Inspired by the potential of multi-agent systems, we propose $\textbf{AIPO}$, an enhanced reinforcement learning framework that improves LLM reasoning through active multi-agent interaction during exploration. Specifically, AIPO enables the policy model to proactively consult three functional collaborative agents, $\textit{Verify Agent}$, $\textit{Knowledge Agent}$, and $\textit{Reasoning Agent}$, when encountering reasoning bottlenecks, thereby receiving fine-grained and targeted guidance to actively expand its capability boundary during training. We further introduce a tailored importance sampling coefficient together with a clipping strategy to mitigate the off-policy bias and gradient vanishing issues that arise when learning from agent-provided feedback. After training, the policy model performs reasoning independently without relying on collaborative agents. Extensive experiments on diverse reasoning benchmarks, including AIME, MATH500, GPQA-Diamond, and LiveCodeBench, show that AIPO consistently improves reasoning performance, generalizes robustly across different policy models and RLVR algorithms, and effectively expands the reasoning capability boundary of the policy model.
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