arXiv:2605.09163cs.AI2026-05被引 8

测试大模型在任务中是否过度使用权限,发现普遍越权操作。

FORTIS: Benchmarking Over-Privilege in Agent Skills

论文配图:FORTIS: Benchmarking Over-Privilege in Agent Skills
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 构建基准FORTIS,评估模型选技能和执行时是否越界。
  • 十款前沿模型在三领域中越权率高,强模型也难避免。
  • 真实场景下(不完整指令等)越权更严重,无需恶意设计。

大型语言模型代理通过中间技能层连接用户意图与具体任务执行。该层常被视为组织抽象,但我们认为它也是权限边界,而当前模型频繁越界。本文提出FORTIS基准,评估代理在两个阶段的越权行为:是否从重叠技能库中选择最小必要技能;是否仅执行该技能而不扩展至更广工具或动作。在十款前沿模型与三个领域中,越权行为普遍存在而非例外。模型持续选择更高权限技能与工具,即使最强模型在两阶段失败率仍居高不下。在真实用户交互的普通条件下——指令不完整、便利性表述、接近技能边界——失败尤为严重,且无需对抗性构造。结果表明,技能层不仅未约束代理行为,反而是当前系统权限升级的主要源头。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language model agents increasingly operate through an intermediate skill layer that mediates between user intent and concrete task execution. This layer is widely treated as an organizational abstraction, but we argue it is also a privilege boundary that current models routinely exceed. We present \textbf{FORTIS}, a benchmark that evaluates over-privilege in agent skills across two stages: whether a model selects the minimally sufficient skill from a large overlapping library, and whether it executes that skill without expanding into broader tools or actions than the skill permits. Across ten frontier models and three domains, we find that over-privileged behavior is the norm rather than the exception. Models consistently reach for higher-privilege skills and tools than the task requires, failing at both stages at rates that remain high even for the strongest available models. Failure is especially severe under the ordinary conditions of real user interaction: incomplete specification, convenience framing, and proximity to skill boundaries. None of these requires adversarial construction. The results indicate that the skill layer, far from containing agent behavior, is itself a primary source of privilege escalation in current systems.

大模型权限控制智能体基准测试

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