arXiv:2605.10317cs.LGcs.AI2026-05

用量子通道理论重新定义关系嵌入,让知识图谱模型更严谨、更高效。

Relations Are Channels: Knowledge Graph Embedding via Kraus Decompositions

  • 将关系建模为满足三公理的克劳斯算子,理论更严格
  • 在多跳推理和复杂关系上优于基线,性能随关系分支数提升
  • 首次给出每类关系的理论复杂度下界,适合理论研究者

知识图谱嵌入(KGE)模型通常将每个关系视为对实体嵌入的操作算子。本文识别出三个应被任何合理关系算子满足的结构公理:线性性、迹保持性和完全正性,并证明这些公理通过克劳斯表示定理刻画了克劳斯通道结构。完整性约束等价于这三个公理,为模型提供原则性基础而非外部强加条件。在此框架下,多数现有算子型KGE模型均可作为特定嵌入选择下的克劳斯秩κ=1的特例。我们进一步引入w-Kraus通道,使其在任意度量几何中天然满足完整性。基于此理论,提出 extsc{KrausKGE},可自然处理1→N与N→N关系,支持无需显式路径编码的k跳推理,且无需对实体嵌入施加范数约束。此外,该框架首次在KGE领域给出每类关系的理论复杂度度量,具有关于经验关系矩阵秩的可证明下界。实验表明, extsc{KrausKGE}在N→N关系上持续优于强基线,性能增益随关系扇出单调上升,符合理论预测。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Knowledge graph embedding (KGE) models typically represent each relation as an operator on entity embeddings. In this work, we identify three structural axioms that any principled relation operator must satisfy, linearity, trace preservation, and complete positivity, and show that they characterize a Kraus channel structure via the Kraus representation theorem. The completeness constraint defining this family is equivalent to these axioms, providing a principled foundation rather than an externally imposed condition. Under this formulation, most existing operator-based KGE models are recoverable as special cases with Kraus rank $κ= 1$ under specific embedding choices. We further generalize this characterization to arbitrary metric geometries by introducing \mbox{w-Kraus} channels, which satisfy completeness by construction within their respective spaces. Building on this theory, we propose \textsc{KrausKGE}, a principled KGE model that naturally handles $1$-to-$N$ and $N$-to-$N$ relations, supports $k$-hop reasoning without requiring explicit path encoders, and eliminates the need for norm constraints on entity embeddings. Additionally, our framework yields the first theoretically grounded per-relation complexity measure in the KGE literature, with a provable lower bound in terms of the empirical relation matrix rank. Empirical evaluation demonstrates that \textsc{KrausKGE} consistently outperforms strong baselines on $N$-to-$N$ relations, with performance gains that increase monotonically with relation fan-out, in alignment with theoretical predictions.

知识图谱嵌入模型量子理论关系推理

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