攻击者通过选择执行路径,让模型流水线的计算量暴增2407倍。
AESOP: Adversarial Execution-path Selection to Overload Deep Learning Pipelines
- 根据路径选择弱点,动态引导攻击流向高开销组件。
- 白盒攻击下计算量膨胀2407倍,灰盒下仍达58倍。
- 适合研究系统安全与对抗性攻击的工程师和研究人员。
现代机器学习部署越来越多地将专用模型组合成动态推理流水线,上游组件的中间预测决定下游组件的工作负载和输入。因此,处理一个输入的成本并非由单一模型决定,而是由每个调用组件的每推理成本及其工作负载量两个耦合因素共同决定。由于这些流水线运行在严格的实时约束下,效率是系统可用性的基本要求。我们发现这种结构创造了现有针对单个模型的方法无法利用的效率攻击面:在相同输入和预算下,路径感知攻击使浮点运算量(FLOPs)膨胀2,407倍,而最强的单模型基线仅实现117倍——20倍的差距完全归因于攻击方向的选择。我们将其形式化为对抗性路径选择问题,并提出AESOP框架,结合漏洞引导的路径排序与自适应损失加权。我们在五个流水线及一个包含批处理、有限缓冲和置信度阈值防御的生产级部署变体上评估了AESOP。在白盒设置中,最大实现2,407倍的FLOPs和419倍的延迟膨胀;在灰盒设置中,分别为58倍和17倍。在系统级防御下,攻击虽未被消除,但被重定向:流水线被迫在吞吐量崩溃(0.578 → 0.006 输入/秒)和96.7%数据丢失以维持吞吐量之间做出选择。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Modern machine learning deployments increasingly compose specialized models into dynamic inference pipelines, where upstream components produce intermediate predictions that determine the workload and inputs of downstream components. The cost of processing an input is therefore not determined by any single model, but by two coupled factors: the per-inference cost of each invoked component and its workload volume. Because these pipelines run under hard real-time constraints, efficiency is a fundamental requirement for system availability. We show that this structure creates an efficiency-attack surface that existing methods targeting single models cannot exploit: on identical inputs and budgets, path-aware targeting inflates FLOPs by $2,407\times$ while the strongest single-model baseline achieves $117\times$ -- a $20\times$ gap attributable entirely to where the attack is directed. We formalize this as the adversarial path-selection problem and present AESOP, a framework combining vulnerability-guided path ranking with adaptive loss weighting. We evaluate AESOP on five pipelines plus a production-realistic deployment variant with batching, bounded buffering, and confidence-threshold defenses. AESOP achieves up to $2,407\times$ FLOPs and $419\times$ latency inflation in white-box setting and 58$\times$ FLOPs / 17$\times$ latency in gray-box settings. Under system-level defenses, the attack is not neutralized but redirected: pipelines are forced to choose between throughput collapse ($0.578 \to 0.006$ input/s) and $96.7\%$ data loss to sustain throughput.
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