给大模型智能体的行为序列打水印,防抄袭更可靠。
Sequential Behavioral Watermarking for LLM Agents

- 将水印嵌入历史依赖的决策模式中,而非单个动作。
- 在多种任务和模型上检测率超90%,且抗干扰能力强。
- 适合需要证明智能体行为归属的开发者与研究者。
基于大语言模型的智能体通过一系列可执行决策行动,但其行为轨迹难以反映生成者身份,导致归属权、所有权及未经授权的复用难以确认。现有文本水印无法捕捉定义智能体执行的关键动作级决策,因此我们提出将水印直接嵌入行为序列。现有方法虽已转向行为层面,但将每一步视为独立试验,忽略轨迹结构,在轨迹被扰动、截断或对齐不可靠时易失效。本文提出SeqWM框架,通过历史条件化的转移模式嵌入水印信号,并采用位置无关的随机密钥基线验证轨迹。在多个智能体基准和不同大模型架构上的实验表明,SeqWM在保持智能体性能的同时,实现稳定可靠的检测能力,且在轨迹损坏情况下仍有效,而传统按轮次索引的方法则完全崩溃。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLM-based agents act through sequences of executable decisions, but their trajectories provide little evidence of which agent or policy produced them, making provenance, ownership, and unauthorized reuse difficult to establish from observed behavior alone. This motivates watermarking signals embedded directly into agent behavior rather than only into generated text, since text watermarking cannot capture the action-level decisions that define agent execution. Recent agent watermarking methods address this gap by moving the watermark from generated text to behavioral choices. However, by treating each action step as an independent trial, they overlook trajectory structure and become fragile when trajectories are perturbed, truncated, or observed without reliable alignment. We propose SeqWM, a sequential behavioral watermarking framework that embeds signals into history-conditioned transition patterns and verifies trajectories position-agnostically against random-key baselines. Experiments across diverse agent benchmarks and LLM backbones show that SeqWM consistently achieves reliable detection while preserving agent utility, and remains robust under trajectory corruption where round-indexed behavioral watermarks collapse.
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