突破大模型安全与有用性平衡瓶颈,通过多维奖励扩展实现双赢。
Explaining and Breaking the Safety-Helpfulness Ceiling via Preference Dimensional Expansion

- 将提示词改写为包含多目标意图,扩展奖励空间
- 在多目标对齐后,单一目标提升5%至12.4%
- 适合追求高质量多目标对齐的模型开发者
在大语言模型的多目标对齐领域,平衡不同人类偏好常表现为零和博弈。优化某一指标(如有用性)往往导致另一指标(如安全性)显著下降。现有方法主要依赖数据筛选、参数融合或训练算法平衡,但仅在固定帕累托前沿上做出妥协,无法根本解决内在矛盾。本文提出全新视角:多维奖励分析。通过扩大模型生成样本并分析各奖励维度表现,发现目标冲突源于提示词本身限制了多维奖励的可实现范围。基于此,提出MORA:多目标奖励整合方法。其通过预采样分离单奖励提示,并重写原始问题以引入多维意图,拓展奖励多样性。实验表明:(1) 在顺序对齐中,多目标对齐后,各单一目标提升5%~12.4%,安全性增益尤为显著;(2) 在同步对齐中,平均整体奖励提升4.6%。代码已开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
In the realm of multi-objective alignment for large language models, balancing disparate human preferences often manifests as a zero-sum conflict. Specifically, the intrinsic tension between competing goals dictates that aggressively optimizing for one metric (e.g., helpfulness) frequently incurs a substantial penalty on another (e.g., harmlessness). While prior work mainly focuses on data selection, parameter merging, or algorithmic balancing during training, these approaches merely force compromises between divergent preferences along a fixed Pareto frontier, failing to fundamentally resolve the inherent trade-off. In this work, we approach this problem from a novel perspective of multi-dimensional rewards. By scaling up the model's rollouts and analyzing the outputs across different reward dimensions, we arrive at a critical conclusion: the conflict among multiple objectives stems from the fact that the prompt itself inherently restricts the achievable multi-dimensional rewards. Based on this core observation, we propose MORA: Multi-Objective Reward Assimilation. Specifically, MORA isolates single-reward prompts through pre-sampling and expands their reward diversity by rewriting the original questions to incorporate multi-dimensional intents. Extensive experiments demonstrate that: (1) in sequential alignment, MORA achieves single-preference improvements ranging from 5% to 12.4%, with exceptional gains in harmlessness, after multiple-preference alignment across helpful, harmless, and truthful dimensions. (2) In simultaneous alignment, MORA achieves an average overall reward improvement of 4.6%. Our codes are available at https://github.com/Shiying-Huang/MORA-MPA.
Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。