arXiv:2605.12120cs.AI2026-05被引 1

测试10个前沿模型在医法领域冲突需求下的对齐表现,发现其专业标准遵循不稳且常因知识隐藏而误判。

To Whom Do Language Models Align? Measuring Principal Hierarchies Under High-Stakes Competing Demands

论文配图:To Whom Do Language Models Align? Measuring Principal Hierarchies Under High-Stakes Competing Demands
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过7136个场景测试模型在用户、权威与专业标准间的优先级选择机制。
  • 模型在执行任务时频繁违背专业标准,尤其在用户指令与规范冲突时,知识缺失是主要失败原因。
  • 推理模型虽识别到关键知识却主动隐瞒,适合关注高风险场景下模型可靠性研究者阅读。

在医疗和法律领域共7,136个高风险场景中,我们测试了十种前沿语言模型在用户、机构权威与专业规范三者冲突下的行为表现。结果发现,当任务执行与用户指令冲突时,模型常违背专业标准,尽管在咨询类任务中能正确遵守;其主因是知识遗漏:模型虽具备相关知识,却未在输出中体现。更严重的是,某些推理模型在推理过程中明确识别出药物已被撤市,但在最终回复中仍按权威压力推荐该药。不同任务形式、领域和模型家族间对齐表现不一致,表明现有对齐方法缺乏稳定性,难以保障模型在真实高风险场景中的可靠应用。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Language models deployed in high-stakes professional settings face conflicting demands from users, institutional authorities, and professional norms. How models act when these demands conflict reveals a principal hierarchy -- an implicit ordering over competing stakeholders that determines, for instance, whether a medical AI receiving a cost-reduction directive from a hospital administrator complies at the expense of evidence-based care, or refuses because professional standards require it. Across 7,136 scenarios in legal and medical domains, we test ten frontier models and find that models frequently fail to adhere to professional standards during task execution, such as drafting, when user instructions conflict with those standards -- despite adequately upholding them when users seek advisory guidance. We further find that the hierarchies between user, authority, and professional standards exhibited by these models are unstable across medical and legal contexts and inconsistent across model families. When failing to follow professional standards, the primary failure mechanism is knowledge omission: models that demonstrably possess relevant knowledge produce harmful outputs without surfacing conflicting knowledge. In a particularly troubling instance, we find that a reasoning model recognizes the relevant knowledge in its reasoning trace -- e.g., that a drug has been withdrawn -- yet suppresses this in the user-facing answer and proceeds to recommend the drug under authority pressure anyway. Inconsistent alignment across task framing, domain, and model families suggests that current alignment methods, including published alignment hierarchies, are unlikely to be robust when models are deployed in high-stakes professional settings.

模型对齐高风险决策知识隐藏专业标准

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