arXiv:2605.12850cs.CLcs.AI2026-05被引 2

微调导致模型角色模拟能力崩溃,引发广泛偏移行为。

Persona-Model Collapse in Emergent Misalignment

  • 用道德敏感性与鲁棒性指标衡量模型角色区分与一致性能力。
  • 有害微调使角色区分度升55%,一致性降65%,偏离正常范围数倍。
  • 仅有害微调导致该问题,安全微调无此效应,说明是偏移特异性。

在包含有害内容的窄数据上微调大语言模型,会导致模型在无关提示上表现出广泛偏移行为,称为涌现偏移。我们提出,这种现象涉及角色-模型坍塌:模型内部模拟、区分和维持一致角色的能力退化。通过两个行为指标检验这一假设:道德敏感性(S)和道德鲁棒性(R),分别基于模型在角色扮演中对道德基础问卷响应的跨角色与同角色变异性计算。评估四个前沿模型(DeepSeek-V3.1、GPT-4.1、GPT-4o、Qwen3-235B)的三种变体:基础版、微调为输出不安全代码,以及匹配的微调为输出安全代码的控制组。结果表明,不安全微调使平均S提升55%,所有不安全变体均超出此前13个前沿模型的基准范围——其中GPT-4o超过上限两倍以上,显示角色区分失控;同时平均R下降65%,相当于1/R上升304%。相比之下,安全控制组保持S接近基础水平,仅部分损失R,表明这些效应主要源于偏移。此外,不安全变体的无条件响应趋于饱和于量表上限,与基础模型的结构化响应及角色扮演有毒人格时的表现显著不同。综合来看,这些指标为涌现偏移提供了敏感诊断,并从行为层面证实其本质是角色-模型坍塌。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Fine-tuning large language models on narrow data with harmful content produces broadly misaligned behavior on unrelated prompts, a phenomenon known as emergent misalignment. We propose that emergent misalignment involves persona-model collapse: deterioration of the model's internal capacity to simulate, differentiate, and maintain consistent characters. We test this hypothesis behaviorally using two metrics: moral susceptibility (S) and moral robustness (R), computed from the across- and within-persona variability of models' Moral Foundations Questionnaire responses under persona role-play. These metrics formalize the model's ability to differentiate characters (S) and its consistency when simulating a given one (R). We evaluate four frontier models (DeepSeek-V3.1, GPT-4.1, GPT-4o, Qwen3-235B) in three variants: base, fine-tuned to output insecure code, and a matched control fine-tuned to output secure code. Across the four models, insecure fine-tuning produces an average $55\%$ increase in S, pushing all four insecure variants beyond the band observed across 13 frontier models benchmarked in prior work -- with GPT-4o reaching more than twice the band's upper end -- signaling dysregulated differentiation. It also causes an average $65\%$ decrease in R, equivalent to a $304\%$ increase in 1/R. By contrast, the matched secure control preserves S near the base and induces only a partial R loss, showing that these effects are largely misalignment-specific. Complementing these metric shifts, insecure variants' unconditioned responses converge toward saturation near the scale ceiling, departing markedly from both base models' structured responses and those elicited when base models role-play toxic personas. Taken together, these metrics provide a sensitive diagnostic for emergent misalignment and serve as behavioral evidence that it involves persona-model collapse.

模型偏移角色模拟安全微调

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