用学习的映射生成高效飞行轨迹,确保覆盖精度并省去反复重算。
Ergodic Trajectory Design by Learned Pushforward Maps: Provable Coverage via Conditional Flow Matching

- 先设计均匀分布的隐式轨迹,再通过学习映射将其转为指定密度分布
- 训练后可支持无限多飞行器,且能量、禁飞区等约束可直接加入损失函数
- 理论证明覆盖误差随循环次数平方根收敛,且可由训练指标验证
设计连续轨迹,使其时间平均分布能严格匹配目标空间密度(即“遍历覆盖”问题),对无人机数据采集、机器人探索和移动监测至关重要。尤其对飞行器而言,需在覆盖精度与能源、禁飞区、加速度限制间权衡。现有方法或需在线逐次重优化(成本随时长增长),或依赖特定解析构造,每遇新约束需重新推导。本文提出epushforward框架:将遍历性与密度匹配解耦——先构造简单环形域上的解析隐式轨迹以保证精确均匀遍历性;再通过离线训练的最优传输条件流匹配学习单一映射,将该隐式分布映射至目标密度。组合轨迹关于学习到的推送分布渐近遍历,偏差由流匹配训练损失控制。一旦针对特定目标密度和约束集训练完成,该映射即可服务无穷多轨迹及多机群,无需个体重训练;多种可微约束(如禁飞区、加速度上限、公平性惩罚)作为软正则项融入训练损失,无需重新设计。我们证明了三项结果:加速度-能量约束、关于轨迹循环次数K的O(1/√K)遍历收敛率,以及逼近误差界,三者共同构成端到端覆盖误差上界,可从CFM训练诊断中估计(在模型速度场v_θ具有李普希茨界条件下可认证)。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Designing continuous trajectories whose time-averaged occupancy provably matches a prescribed spatial density (the \emph{ergodic coverage} problem) is central to UAV-assisted data collection and sensing, robotic exploration, and mobile monitoring. For flying agents in particular, this challenge is acute: trajectories must balance coverage fidelity against tight energy budgets, no-fly zones, and acceleration limits. Existing methods either re-optimize each trajectory online (with cost growing in the horizon and re-running for every target, agent, and realization) or rely on bespoke analytical constructions that must be re-derived for each new constraint. We propose a \emph{epushforward} framework that decouples ergodicity from density matching: an analytic latent trajectory provides exact uniform ergodicity on a simple annular domain, and a single map, learned offline by optimal-transport conditional flow matching, transports this latent occupancy onto the prescribed target density. The composed trajectory is then asymptotically ergodic with respect to the learned pushforward distribution, with deviation from the target controlled by the flow-matching training loss. Once trained for a given target density and constraint set, the map serves an unbounded number of trajectories and a multi-agent fleet without per-agent retraining, and many differentiable operational constraints (no-fly zones, acceleration ceilings, or fairness penalties) enter as additive soft penalties in the training loss without re-deriving the design. We prove three results (an acceleration-energy bound, an $O(1/\sqrt{K})$ ergodic convergence rate in the number of trajectory cycles $K$, and an approximation-error bound) that combine into an end-to-end coverage bound estimable from CFM training diagnostics (certified given an architectural Lipschitz bound on $v_θ$).
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