arXiv:2605.15529cs.CLcs.AI2026-05

让推理模型知道何时相信每一步的评分,提升决策可靠性。

Process Rewards with Learned Reliability

论文配图:Process Rewards with Learned Reliability
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用贝塔分布建模每步成功概率与预测可信度
  • 实验显示可减少33.57%计算量且准确率更高
  • 适合需要高效推理的智能系统开发者

过程奖励模型(PRM)为推理过程提供步骤级反馈,但现有方法仅输出单一奖励分,无法判断预测是否可靠。本文提出BetaPRM,一种分布式PRM,同时预测步骤成功概率及其可靠性。基于蒙特卡洛延续的步骤成功监督,BetaPRM通过贝塔-二项式似然学习一个贝塔信念,解释观察到的成功延续数量,而非回归为有限样本的成功比率。该可靠性信号可指示何时应信任步骤奖励,使下游应用区分可信与不确定的奖励。作为应用,我们引入自适应计算分配(ACA),利用可靠性信号在高奖励解可信时停止,对不确定候选前缀增加计算。在四种主干模型和四个推理基准上的实验表明,BetaPRM在保持标准错误检测能力的同时提升了最佳-16选择性能。基于此信号,ACA在固定预算下实现更优的准确率-令牌权衡,最多降低33.57%的令牌使用量并提高最终答案准确率。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Process Reward Models (PRMs) provide step-level feedback for reasoning, but current PRMs usually output only a single reward score for each step. Downstream methods must therefore treat imperfect step-level reward predictions as reliable decision signals, with no indication of when these predictions should be trusted. We propose BetaPRM, a distributional PRM that predicts both a step-level success probability and the reliability of that prediction. Given step-success supervision from Monte Carlo continuations, BetaPRM learns a Beta belief that explains the observed number of successful continuations through a Beta-Binomial likelihood, rather than regressing to the finite-sample success ratio as a point target. This learned reliability signal indicates when a step reward should be trusted, enabling downstream applications to distinguish reliable rewards from uncertain ones. As one application, we introduce Adaptive Computation Allocation (ACA) for PRM-guided Best-of-N reasoning. ACA uses the learned reliability signal to stop when a high-reward solution is reliable and to spend additional computation on uncertain candidate prefixes. Experiments across four backbones and four reasoning benchmarks show that BetaPRM improves PRM-guided Best-of-N selection while preserving standard step-level error detection. Built on this signal, ACA improves the accuracy--token tradeoff over fixed-budget Best-of-16, reducing token usage by up to 33.57% while improving final-answer accuracy.

推理模型可靠性评估自适应计算贝塔分布

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