arXiv:2605.16090cs.CRcs.CV2026-05

仅通过图像扰动,就能操控大模型对图文内容的理解。

A Cross-Modal Prompt Injection Attack against Large Vision-Language Models with Image-Only Perturbation

论文配图:A Cross-Modal Prompt Injection Attack against Large Vision-Language Models with Image-Only Perturbation
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将扰动优化从视觉嵌入空间转向模型隐藏状态空间,提升控制力。
  • 在多个模型和数据集上,攻击成功率显著高于基线方法。
  • 适合研究多模态安全、对抗攻击的学者与工程师参考。

大型视觉语言模型(LVLM)已成为多模态智能的重要范式,但其广泛应用也扩大了提示注入攻击的威胁面。现有攻击存在关键局限:单模态注入仅影响对应输入的解读,或虽为多模态攻击却无法实现跨模态提示扰动。为此,我们提出新型跨模态提示注入攻击CrossMPI,仅通过图像扰动即可引导模型对文本与视觉输入的双重理解。核心突破包括:将扰动优化目标从视觉嵌入空间(约10^5参数)转移到多模态信息融合的模型隐藏状态空间(约10^7参数);为应对更大参数空间的优化挑战,提出层选择策略,识别对多模态融合最关键的中间层(而非以往认为的最后几层);并设计距离递减型扰动预算分配策略,按像素距语义关键区域的距离递减分配扰动预算。在多个LVLM和数据集上的大量实验表明,本方法显著优于基线方法。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for multimodal intelligence, but their growing deployment also expands the attack surface of prompt injection. Despite this growing concern, existing attacks still suffer from a critical limitation: the injected prompt for one modality only steers the model's interpretation of that singular input. Alternatively, these attacks remain multimodal but fail to achieve cross-modal prompt perturbation. To bridge this gap, we introduce a novel cross-modal prompt injection attack CrossMPI, which can steer the model's interpretation of both textual and visual inputs via image-only prompt injection. Our design is underpinned by the following key breakthroughs. First, we turn the focus of the injected prompt perturbation optimization from the visual embedding space (typically with only $10^5$ parameters) to the model hidden state space (for multimodal information integration and with $10^7$ parameters). Then, two strategies are adopted to mitigate the optimization challenges posed by the larger parameter space. To constrain the optimized model parameter space, we introduce a layer selection strategy that identifies the layers most critical to multimodal integration. Interestingly, deviating from the past experience, our analysis reveals that the optimal layers for LVLM prompt perturbation reside in the middle of the model rather than the last. To constrain the image perturbation space, we propose a new distance-decremental perturbation budget assignment strategy that allocates budgets decrementally as the pixel distance to semantic-critical regions increases. Extensive experiments across multiple LVLMs and datasets show that our method significantly outperforms baseline approaches.

多模态安全对抗攻击提示注入

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