用旧显卡实现8K60实时编码，省电又减废。
Sustainable Real-Time 8K60 HEVC Encoding for V2X: Repurposing Legacy NVENC Hardware at the Vehicular Edge
- 复用旧版帕斯卡显卡，通过双NVENC分帧编码实现8K60实时处理。
- 8K60编码延迟极低，画质损失不足1%。
- 适合需要低碳、低成本的智能交通系统部署。
车联网（V2X）与远程驾驶对超低延迟、8K60视频传输提出迫切需求。然而，车载边缘部署现代硬件常受限于供应链紧张、高功耗及电子垃圾问题。本文探索一种可持续替代方案：复用老旧NVIDIA帕斯卡架构GPU实现8K HEVC实时边缘编码。实验表明，在双NVENC的GP104与GP102芯片上启用2-Way Split Frame Encoding（SFE），可实现8K60实时编码，率失真代价低于1%。微架构分析显示，小尺寸GPU核心在吞吐量与能效方面显著优于大尺寸旗舰型号；因固定功能编码强制通用流式多处理器（SM）持续高频运行而空闲，核心数少的芯片浪费电力更少。尽管对比最新代RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell存在压缩效率差距，但帕斯卡的完整HEVC架构与原生不支持B帧特性，恰好契合超低延迟的V2X链路。因此，复用中端帕斯卡显卡为现代智能交通系统提供高效、经济且减少电子废弃物的解决方案。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The rapid advancement of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications and Tele-Operated Driving (ToD) demands ultra-low-latency, 8K60 video telemetry. However, deploying modern hardware at the vehicular edge is frequently hindered by supply chain constraints, high power budgets, and growing e-waste concerns. This paper investigates a highly sustainable alternative: repurposing legacy NVIDIA Pascal GPUs for real-time 8K HEVC edge encoding. We demonstrate that triggering 2-Way Split Frame Encoding (SFE) on dual-NVENC GP104 and GP102 silicon successfully unlocks real-time 8K60 throughput with a negligible Rate-Distortion penalty of under 1%. Crucially, our micro-architectural analysis reveals that smaller GPU dies significantly outperform larger flagship models in both raw throughput and energy efficiency. Because fixed-function encoding forces general-purpose Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) cores to sustain maximum frequencies while remaining idle, GPUs with fewer CUDA cores waste drastically less power. While benchmarking against the state-of-the-art RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell highlights a generational compression efficiency gap, Pascal's functional HEVC architecture and native lack of B-frames align perfectly with ultra-low-latency V2X pipelines. Ultimately, repurposed mid-range Pascal GPUs present a highly capable, cost-effective, and e-waste mitigating solution for modern Intelligent Transportation Systems.
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