用自洽生成的监督信号注入知识,避免模型遗忘旧能力。
MixSD: Mixed Contextual Self-Distillation for Knowledge Injection

- 用模型自身生成的两种条件混合构造监督信号
- 保留100%原始能力,训练准确率接近完美
- 适合需要长期记忆与性能稳定的模型更新场景
监督微调(SFT)常用于向语言模型注入新知识,但往往导致推理和通用能力下降。我们指出,这是由于人工或外部系统提供的目标偏离了模型的自回归分布,迫使优化器学习低概率词元序列。为此,我们提出无需外部教师的MixSD方法:通过混合模型自身的两个条件——包含事实的专家条件和反映原始先验的朴素条件——动态构建监督信号。该方法在保留事实学习信号的同时,使目标序列更贴近模型原生分布。我们在自建的合成数据集上评估了事实回忆与算术能力获取,并在开放域问答和知识编辑基准上验证。在多模型规模与设置下,MixSD始终优于SFT和同策略自蒸馏基线,可保留高达100%的原始能力,而标准SFT仅保留1%。此外,MixSD生成的基线模型下更低的负对数似然(NLL)目标,且减少沿费舍尔敏感方向的有害参数移动。结果表明,将监督信号与模型生成分布对齐,是缓解灾难性遗忘的有效原则。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is widely used to inject new knowledge into language models, but it often degrades pretrained capabilities such as reasoning and general-domain performance. We argue this forgetting arises because fine-tuning targets from humans or external systems diverge from the model's autoregressive distribution, forcing the optimizer to imitate low-probability token sequences. To address this problem, we propose MixSD, a simple external-teacher-free method for distribution-aligned knowledge injection. Instead of training on fixed targets, MixSD constructs supervision dynamically by mixing tokens from two conditionals of the base model itself: an expert conditional that observes the injected fact in context, and a naive conditional that reflects the model's original prior. The resulting supervision sequences preserve the factual learning signal while remaining substantially closer to the base model's distribution. We evaluate MixSD on two synthetic corpora that we construct to study factual recall and arithmetic function acquisition in a controlled setting, together with established benchmarks for open-domain factual question answering and knowledge editing. Across multiple model scales and settings, MixSD consistently achieves a better memorization-retention trade-off compared to SFT and on-policy self distillation baselines, retaining up to 100% of the base model's held-out capability while maintaining near-perfect training accuracy, whereas standard SFT retains as little as 1%. We further show that MixSD produces substantially lower-NLL supervision targets under the base model and reduces harmful movement along Fisher-sensitive parameter directions. These results suggest that aligning supervision with the model's native generation distribution is a simple and effective principle for knowledge injection that mitigates catastrophic forgetting.
Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。