用有限元分析反馈改进CAD生成,让模型像工程师一样迭代设计。
Self-Improving CAD Generation Agents with Finite Element Analysis as Feedback

- 将CAD生成任务重构为从简述直接生成完整装配体并用FEA验证。
- GPT-5.5和Claude Code首次尝试仅20%满足需求,经优化后几何精度提升30%以上。
- 引入蓝图文本与多视角图像辅助,更贴近工程师实际迭代流程。
计算机辅助设计(CAD)是现代工业设计的核心,但现有学习型CAD生成器仍无法融入真实工程流程:它们既不会像工程师那样迭代,也无法评估工程需求。以往工作将CAD生成拆分为零件生成与装配两步,前者以接近参考标准评分,后者则常被简化为独立的约束求解问题。本文提出更贴近工业实践的任务形式:从自由形式的设计简述生成完整的多部件STEP文件,并通过有限元分析(FEA)进行验证。结果显示,Codex(GPT-5.5)与Claude Code(Opus-4.7)在首次尝试中无一通过严格检验,最佳配置平均仅满足约20%的类型化要求。为此,我们引入两种新监督信号:一种新颖的纯文本蓝图模式,以及支持21视角渲染的图像生成器,以增强模型的视觉检查能力。在S2O和Fusion360数据集上,这些反馈机制使几何重建性能显著提升——GPT-5.5/xhigh在S2O上的Box-IoU从0.444升至0.592,在Fusion360上从0.397升至0.505。这些改进推动了生成结果不仅视觉合理,且符合物理与结构要求。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the backbone of modern industrial design, yet learned CAD generators still fall short of real engineering pipelines: they neither iterate like engineers nor evaluate what engineering requires. Prior work has treated CAD generation as two disjoint steps, part synthesis and assembly, where the former is graded by proximity to a gold reference and the latter, when handled at all, is reduced to a separate constraint solving step. In this work, we introduce a more industry-native task formulation that requires a model to produce a fully assembled multi-part STEP file from a free-form engineering brief, which is then validated via finite element analysis (FEA). FEA validation reveals that Codex (GPT-5.5) and Claude Code (Opus-4.7) agents do not produce a single strict-passing artifact in the main first-attempt sweep, with the best configuration meeting only about 20% of typed requirements on average. Moreover, we introduce two additional supervision signals, a novel text-only blueprint schema and a 21-view image renderer that aids the agent's visual inspection, that better align the generation loop with how engineers iterate in practice. On S2O and Fusion360, the same feedback tools improve geometric reconstruction, with GPT-5.5/xhigh rising from 0.444 to 0.592 Box-IoU on S2O and from 0.397 to 0.505 on Fusion360. Together these signals move CAD programs toward artifacts that are not only visually plausible but also checked against physical and structural requirements.
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