提出多智能体市场经济对齐框架,揭示LLM代理的系统性风险。
Agent Bazaar: Enabling Economic Alignment in Multi-Agent Marketplaces

- 构建仿真环境评估代理在市场中的经济对齐能力
- 发现两类失败模式:价格崩溃与虚假信息泛滥
- 设计可训练的对齐机制,提升市场稳定性和信任度
将大型语言模型(LLMs)作为自主经济代理部署时,其集体行为可能引发系统性风险。我们提出Agent Bazaar,一个用于评估经济对齐(Economic Alignment)的多智能体仿真框架,即代理系统维持市场稳定与完整的能力。我们识别出两种失败模式:(1) 在B2C市场中出现算法不稳定性(“市场崩盘”),企业放大价格波动直至市场崩溃;(2) 在C2C市场中发生Sybil欺骗(“柠檬市场”),单一恶意代理操控多个身份,大量发布虚假商品,破坏信任并损害消费者福利。我们在两个场景下评估前沿及开源模型,发现它们普遍缺乏自我调节能力,失败程度因模型而异,而非规模。我们提出经济对齐的缓解机制——稳定型企业与怀疑型守护者,虽有效但难以应对更严苛市场条件。为此,我们采用适应性课程训练的REINFORCE++方法,训练出一个9B参数模型,超越所有被测前沿与开源模型。我们还提出经济对齐分数(EAS),由稳定性、完整性、福利与盈利性四部分组成,实现跨模型直接比较。结果表明,经济对齐与通用能力正交,可通过定向强化学习直接训练。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) as autonomous economic agents introduces systemic risks that extend beyond individual capability failures. As agents transition to directly interacting with marketplaces, their collective behavior can amplify volatility and mask deception at scale. We introduce the Agent Bazaar, a multi-agent simulation framework for evaluating Economic Alignment, the capacity of agentic systems to preserve market stability and integrity. We identify two failure modes: (1) Algorithmic Instability in a B2C market ("The Crash"), where firms amplify price volatility until the market collapses, and (2) Sybil Deception in a C2C market ("The Lemon Market"), where a single deceptive agent controlling multiple coordinated seller identities floods the market with fraudulent listings, eroding trust and consumer welfare. We evaluate frontier and open-weight models across both scenarios and find that models largely fail to self-regulate, with failure severity varying by model rather than by size. We propose economically aligned harnesses, Stabilizing Firms and Skeptical Guardians, that improve outcomes but remain fragile under harder market conditions. To close this gap, we train agents with REINFORCE++ using an adaptive curriculum, producing a 9B model that outperforms all evaluated frontier and open-weight models. We propose the Economic Alignment Score (EAS), a 4-component scalar metric aggregating stability, integrity, welfare, and profitability, enabling direct cross-model comparison. Our results show that economic alignment is orthogonal to general capability and can be directly trained with targeted RL.
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