arXiv:2605.19593cs.AIcs.DC2026-05

研究多模型共用硬件时的调度难题,发现不同模型对显存切换敏感度差异大。

Towards Multi-Model LLM Schedulers: Empirical Insights into Offloading and Preemption

论文配图:Towards Multi-Model LLM Schedulers: Empirical Insights into Offloading and Preemption
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过实测发现层迁移导致解码吞吐非线性下降,小模型更敏感。
  • 中断恢复开销主要来自模型状态重载,跨模型和硬件差异显著。
  • 适合设计下一代多模型推理系统,尤其关注异构硬件部署场景。

当前大型语言模型(LLM)部署需在共享异构硬件上服务多种架构、规模和专长的模型,带来资源分配、调度的新挑战,尤其在GPU显存受限时需采用部分CPU-GPU迁移与中断机制。现有系统多聚焦单模型吞吐优化,少有研究关注多模型调度。本文通过实证研究不同模型在多种硬件平台上的表现,重点分析层迁移与中断对性能的影响。结果表明,迁移导致解码吞吐出现强非线性且依赖模型的下降,小模型对显存保留率降低更敏感;中断引入显著开销,主要源于模型状态重载而非键值缓存传输,且成本随模型和硬件平台变化剧烈。此外,序列长度与互联带宽会加剧数据移动与执行效率损失。基于此,我们提出未来调度器应考虑模型特异性迁移敏感性、工作负载特征及预中断与数据传输的成本结构。这些发现为支持异构、多模型混合执行的下一代LLM服务系统设计提供指导。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Modern deployments of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly require serving multiple models with diverse architectures, sizes, and specialization on shared, heterogeneous hardware. This setting introduces new challenges for resource allocation, dispatching, and scheduling, particularly under GPU memory constraints where partial CPU-GPU offloading and preemption become necessary. While existing systems primarily optimize throughput for a single model, comparatively little work addresses multi-model scheduling under these conditions. In this paper, we present an empirical study of how different LLMs behave across hardware platforms, focusing on the performance implications of layer offloading and preemption. We show that offloading leads to strongly non-linear and model-dependent degradation in decode throughput, with smaller models exhibiting sharper sensitivity to reduced GPU residency. We further demonstrate that preemption incurs substantial overhead, largely dominated by model state reload rather than key-value cache transfer, and that this cost varies significantly across models and hardware platforms. Additionally, we highlight the role of sequence length and interconnect bandwidth in amplifying data movement and execution inefficiencies. Based on these findings, we identify a set of key features that future schedulers must consider, including model-specific offloading sensitivity, workload characteristics, and the cost structure of preemption and data transfer. These insights provide guidance for the design of next-generation LLM serving systems capable of efficiently managing heterogeneous, multi-model workloads with hybrid CPU-GPU execution.

多模型调度显存优化推理系统异构部署

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