提出 Hydra 框架,解决多概念后门攻击中触发器不稳定问题。
Awakening the Hydra: Stabilizing Multi-Concept Backdoor Injection in Text-to-Image Diffusion Models

- 通过进化搜索优化文本编码器中的触发词,确保语义对齐且跨概念稳定。
- 在 8 个攻击者、500 个概念对下仍保持约 95% 攻击成功率和良好生成质量。
- 适合关注扩散模型安全、后门防御与多概念共存场景的研究者。
文本到图像扩散模型通过开源复用和多次下游微调不断演化,复用的检查点难以验证,因而更容易隐藏后门行为。在此生态中,同一预训练模型可能被多个独立方依次适配和分发,导致多个概念特定的触发-目标关联累积于同一模型中。当这些关联共存时,共享表示空间中的语义冲突会被放大,引发跨概念纠缠并降低生成质量。值得注意的是,这种累积不仅未增强攻击,反而可能破坏已有后门行为,降低攻击可靠性。本文系统研究了在此干扰密集环境下的后门攻击,提出 Hydra 框架,实现大规模多概念后门注入的鲁棒与可控。核心思想是:在大规模多概念设置下实现稳定后门注入,需显式约束触发词语义,并协调任务间交互。Hydra 在文本编码器空间进行进化触发搜索,以识别与目标概念语义一致且在其他注入概念中保持稳定的触发词;同时结合多任务微调与触发清洁正则化,提升密集多概念注入下的训练稳定性。在多种扩散模型骨干网络上,经过严格多概念设置的实验表明,Hydra 在维持有效后门激活的同时,仍能保持清晰生成的保真度和图像质量。例如,在 8 个攻击者和 500 个概念对的测试中,维持约 95% 的攻击成功率(ASR)并具备强健的干净生成能力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Text-to-image diffusion models are increasingly developed through open-source reuse and repeated downstream fine-tuning, where reused checkpoints are difficult to verify and thus more susceptible to hidden backdoor behaviors. In such ecosystems, a single pretrained model may be sequentially adapted and redistributed by multiple independent parties, allowing multiple concept-specific trigger-target associations to accumulate in the same model. When these associations coexist, semantic conflicts can be amplified in the shared representation space, leading to cross-concept entanglement and degraded generation quality. Notably, instead of strengthening the attack, such accumulation can destabilize previously injected behaviors and reduce attack reliability. In this work, we systematically investigate backdoor attacks under this interference-prone setting and propose Hydra, a unified framework for robust and controlled multi-concept backdoor injection under cumulative and decentralized reuse. Our core insight is that stable backdoor injection under large-scale multi-concept settings requires explicitly constraining trigger semantics while coordinating cross-task interactions during optimization. Specifically, Hydra performs evolutionary trigger search in the text encoder space to identify triggers that are semantically aligned with their target concepts while remaining stable across other injected concepts. It further combines multi-task fine-tuning with trigger-clean regularization to improve training stability under dense multi-concept injection. Extensive experiments across multiple diffusion backbones under rigorous multi-concept settings show that Hydra maintains effective backdoor activation while preserving clean generation fidelity and image quality. For instance, across 8 attackers and 500 concept pairs, Hydra maintains ~95% ASR and strong clean generation.
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