arXiv:2605.20506cs.LGcs.CL2026-05被引 2

让大模型通过话语反馈学习人类行为,更像真人。

Reinforcing Human Behavior Simulation via Verbal Feedback

论文配图:Reinforcing Human Behavior Simulation via Verbal Feedback
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 把口头反馈当强化信号,用新算法联合优化
  • 在10个任务中平均提升36%,6项超越GPT-5.4
  • 适合做用户、患者等角色模拟的场景

人类通过话语反馈(如‘那很无礼’)习得社会规范与行为。然而,当前大模型的学习主要集中在代码和数学领域,依赖可验证的标量奖励。随着大模型越来越多用于模拟人类行为(如用户、病人、学生等),迫切需要引入更真实的反馈形式:口语化、主观且多维度的反馈。本文提出DITTO,一种将口头反馈作为强化学习中第一类信号的模型。每次生成后,DITTO接收反馈并生成改进的输出,二者通过GRPO联合优化,将反馈信息提炼至基础策略中,无需测试时再提供反馈。同时,我们构建了SOUL(Simulation gym Of hUman-Like behavior),一个涵盖10个任务、6个类别的统一基准与训练数据集,包括心智理论、角色扮演、社交技能、学习者模拟、用户模拟和人格模拟。DITTO在平均性能上比基线模型提升36%,并在6个任务中超过GPT-5.4,证明基于口头反馈的强化学习是训练拟人行为大模型的可行方向。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Humans learn social norms and behaviors from verbal feedback (e.g., a parent saying "that was rude" or a friend explaining "here's why that hurt"). Yet, learning from feedback for LLMs has largely focused on domains like code and math, where RL rewards are directly verifiable and condensed into scalar values. As LLMs are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, e.g., standing in for users, patients, students, and other personas, there is a pressing need to make them more human-like, which requires embracing a fundamentally different kind of signal: feedback that is verbal, subjective, and multi-faceted. We present DITTO, a model trained by treating verbal feedback as a first-class signal in reinforcement learning. After each rollout, DITTO receives verbal feedback and generates a feedback-conditioned improved rollout; both outputs are jointly optimized with GRPO, distilling verbal guidance into the base policy without requiring feedback at test time. We also introduce SOUL (Simulation gym Of hUman-Like behavior), a unified benchmark and training data suite spanning 10 tasks across six categories: Theory of Mind, character role play, social skill, learner simulation, user simulation, and persona simulation. DITTO achieves an average 36% improvement over the base model and exceeds GPT-5.4 on 6 of 10 SOUL benchmarks, demonstrating that RL with verbal feedback is a promising direction for training LLMs to simulate human behavior.

行为模拟强化学习口语反馈大模型

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