arXiv:2605.20607cs.LGcs.CV2026-05被引 1

通过分离视觉表征的内容与风格,实现飞行着陆系统的可信学习保障。

Mechanistic Interpretability for Learning Assurance of a Vision-Based Landing System

论文配图:Mechanistic Interpretability for Learning Assurance of a Vision-Based Landing System
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用K-SVD分解视觉变压器的局部嵌入,分离出内容与风格成分。
  • 回归头的权重几乎全部集中在内容性成分上,验证了任务相关性。
  • 提出运行时的域外检测机制,符合EASA最新安全指导要求。

EASA的可信学习指南要求数据驱动的航空系统构建并监控自身的情境表征,但对神经网络而言,提供此类证据的技术手段仍属开放问题。本文针对基于视觉的飞机着陆系统提出解决方案:一个最小可保证模型必须能证明其情境表征中内容与风格的分离。若模型预测主要依赖于内容性表征成分,则可形成可操作的可信路径。为验证该路径,我们在LARDv2数据集上训练了一个视觉变压器模型进行跑道关键点回归。该模型生成每块嵌入,并通过K-SVD稀疏字典学习分解为可解释的原子。定性可视化表明,内容性原子追踪任务相关的跑道结构,而风格性原子捕捉领域特异性外观特征;回归头几乎将所有线性权重分配给内容性原子。进一步基于内容/风格分离,我们提出了运行时域外检测(OOMS),一种直接监控模型情境表征的新方法。该方法与操作设计域及输出空间的分布外检测互补,满足最新EASA指南的具体要求。通过在测试和运行时直接分析模型的情境表征,本工作首次提供了符合EASA学习保障指南的表征级证据,指出机制可解释性是未来航空安全论证的实际基石。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

EASA's learning-assurance guidance requires data-driven aviation systems to build and monitor their own situation representation, yet for neural networks the technical means to provide such evidence remain an open problem. We address this gap for a vision-based aircraft landing system: we propose that a minimally assurable model must at least be shown to separate content from style in its own situation representation. Showing that the model's predictions then rely largely on the contentful representation components leads to a concrete assurance path. To demonstrate this assurance path on a concrete model we train a vision transformer model for runway keypoint regression on the LARDv2 dataset. The model, which acts as the subject for our assurance demonstration, produces per-patch embeddings that we decompose into interpretable atoms via K-SVD sparse dictionary learning. A qualitative visualization confirms that contentful atoms track task-relevant runway structure and stylistic atoms track domain-specific appearance, and the regression head is shown to place almost all of its linear weight on contentful atoms. We further build on the content/style separation and define out-of-model-scope (OOMS) detection, a novel runtime assurance approach directly monitoring the model's situation representation. OOMS monitoring is complementary to operational design domain and output-space out-of-distribution monitoring and addresses concrete requirements of the recent EASA guidance. By directly analyzing a model's situation representation both at test time and runtime, this work delivers the first concrete piece of the representation-level evidence that EASA learning-assurance guidance demands, and points to mechanistic interpretability as a practical building block of future aviation safety cases.

可解释性视觉导航航空安全机制分析

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