用强化学习训练机器人竞标策略,提升分布式任务分配质量。
Auction-Consensus Algorithm with Learned Bidding Scheme for Multi-Robot Systems

- 用神经网络替代传统贪心竞标,从局部信息生成智能投标
- 在不同规模机器人集群中,解的质量比经典方法提升12%以上
- 适合需要高效率、低通信的多机器人系统应用
多机器人任务分配(MRTA)是去中心化多智能体系统的核心挑战,要求机器人团队在通信受限条件下协同分配并执行任务,以优化全局性能。拍卖-共识算法(如CBBA)具备可扩展性与收敛性保证,但依赖人工设计的贪心评分函数,常导致次优分配。本文提出一种融合学习的拍卖-共识框架,将CBBA的确定性竞标机制替换为通过强化学习训练的神经竞标策略。在集中训练、去中心化执行范式下,智能体从部分局部观测中学习生成任务投标,同时保留标准拍卖与共识阶段实现去中心化协调。采用近端策略优化(PPO)训练,奖励函数基于混合整数线性规划获得的全局最优解进行逼近。评估了神经加法模型、LSTM与集合变换器等多种架构。在多种群体规模下的实验表明,学习到的竞标策略可显著提升解的质量,同时保持去中心化执行。该方法展示了强化学习与经典分布式协调算法结合的有效性,为高质量去中心化多机器人任务分配提供可扩展路径。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Multi-Robot Task Allocation (MRTA) is a central challenge in decentralized multi-agent systems, where teams of robots must cooperatively assign and execute tasks under limited communication while optimizing global performance objectives. Auction-consensus algorithms, such as the Consensus-Based Bundle Algorithm (CBBA), provide scalable decentralized coordination with provable convergence, but rely on hand-crafted greedy scoring functions that often lead to suboptimal task allocations. This paper proposes a learning-enhanced auction-consensus framework in which CBBA's deterministic bidding mechanism is replaced by a neural bidding policy trained using reinforcement learning. Under a centralized training and decentralized execution paradigm, agents learn to compute task bids from partial local observations while retaining the standard auction and consensus phases for decentralized coordination. The learned bidding policy is trained using Proximal Policy Optimization with rewards shaped by proximity to globally optimal solutions obtained via mixed-integer linear programming. Multiple neural architectures are evaluated, including a Neural Additive Model, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, and the Set Transformer Model. Experimental results across varying swarm sizes demonstrate that learned bidding policies can improve solution quality over classical CBBA while preserving decentralized execution. The proposed approach highlights the effectiveness of integrating reinforcement learning with classical distributed coordination algorithms, offering a scalable pathway toward higher-quality decentralized multi-robot task allocation.
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