arXiv:2605.22377cs.LG2026-05被引 1

通过层8激活强度识别关键语义词,让BERT更透明

Towards Explainability of SLMs by investigating Token Level Activation

论文配图:Towards Explainability of SLMs by investigating Token Level Activation
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用BERT第8层隐藏状态的L2范数衡量词元重要性
  • 语义词常在高激活组,结构词贡献小
  • 适合想理解大模型决策过程的研究者

基于Transformer的语言模型如拥有110M+参数的BERT已革新自然语言理解,但其内部机制仍对研究者和实践者不透明。传统基于注意力的可解释方法常聚焦语法重要但语义弱的词元(如标点),而非有意义的语义关系。本文提出一种轻量、模型无关的框架,通过BERT第8层隐藏状态的激活强度量化词元重要性。所提激活流网络(AFN)使用第8层隐藏表示的L2范数计算词元激活强度,实现语义显著词元的直接排序。研究进一步引入基于阈值的激活分桶法,以经验上四分位数边界将词元划分为高激活与低激活组。实验表明,语义内容词始终位于高激活组,并主导表征激活变化,而结构支持词贡献较小。结果表明第8层是平衡结构与语义信息处理的关键语义整合区。该工作揭示了激活幅度集中于语义信息丰富的词元,为注意力中心分析提供了可解释且计算高效的替代方案,推动BERT从'黑箱'向'透明玻璃箱'演进。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Transformer-based language models such as BERT having 110M+ parameters have revolutionized natural language understanding, yet their internal mechanisms remain largely opaque to researchers and practitioners. Traditional attention-based interpretability methods often emphasize structurally important but semantically weak tokens such as punctuation marks rather than meaningful semantic relationships. This work introduces a lightweight and model-agnostic framework for quantifying token-level representational importance using hidden-state activation strengths at Layer 8 of BERT. The proposed Activation Flow Network (AFN) framework computes Token Activation Strength using the L2 norm of Layer-8 hidden representations, enabling direct ranking of semantically salient tokens. The study further introduces a threshold-based activation bucket formulation that partitions tokens into HIGH-activation and LOW-activation groups using an empirical upper-quartile activation boundary. Experimental observations demonstrate that semantically meaningful content words consistently occupy the HIGH-activation bucket and dominate representational activation shifts, while structurally supportive tokens contribute comparatively less. The results suggest that Layer 8 acts as a critical semantic consolidation zone balancing structural and semantic information processing. By revealing how activation magnitudes concentrate around semantically informative tokens, this work provides an interpretable and computationally efficient alternative to attentioncentric analysis, contributing toward transforming BERT from a "black box" into a more transparent "glass box" model for natural language understanding.

可解释性BERT激活分析

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