跨物种比较发现，视觉皮层早期区域对齐一致，但高级区域差异显著。
Cross-Species RSA Reveals Conserved Early Visual Alignment but Divergent Higher-Area Rankings Across Human fMRI and Macaque Electrophysiology
- 用人类和猕猴数据对比五种学习规则的神经对齐效果
- 猕猴初级视觉皮层对齐度最高达0.305，而高级皮层排名完全不一致
- 预训练模型在猕猴高级皮层表现优于自定义网络
我们检验了学习规则与大脑对齐关系是否跨物种通用。使用猕猴电生理数据（MajajHong2015：V4/IT，3,200次呈现，88/168个神经元；FreemanZiemba2013：V1/V2，135个刺激，102/103个神经元），采用与人类研究相同的模型权重进行RSA分析。结果表明：(1) 所有模型在猕猴早期视觉皮层（V1/V2）的对齐度（rho = 0.15–0.30）均高于人类fMRI（rho = 0.01–0.08）；(2) STDP与预测编码（PC）在猕猴V1/V2中达到最高对齐度；(3) 在IT皮层，跨物种排名无显著相关性（Kendall's tau = 0.00），但因样本量小（n=5），统计功效有限；(4) 预训练ResNet-50在猕猴IT皮层达到rho = 0.25，显著高于所有自定义CNN（rho = 0.07–0.14），表明高级皮层对齐受限于模型容量而非学习规则。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
CORRECTION (August 2026): an evaluation-mode defect in the shared feature-extraction pipeline affected the predictive-coding and STDP conditions. It applies to both sides of every comparison here: the human values are reprinted from the companion study and the macaque values use the same checkpoints. In a single-seed re-evaluation with repaired checkpoints, macaque STDP at V1 moves from 0.305 to 0.266 and PC from 0.210 to 0.178, level with the untrained baseline, so finding (2) holds for STDP but not for PC; the V4 and IT orderings also change, while V2 is unchanged. Findings (1), (3) and (4) are unaffected, and the other conditions change by at most 0.0034. The five-seed analysis, Kendall's tau, noise ceilings and stimulus control have not been re-computed. See the correction note on page 1; the original abstract below is unchanged from v1. Follow-up study: arXiv:2608.12408. Does the relationship between learning rules and brain alignment generalize across species? We test the same five learning rules against macaque electrophysiology. The macaque data come from MajajHong2015 (V4/IT, 3,200 presentations, 88/168 neurons) and FreemanZiemba2013 (V1/V2, 135 stimuli, 102/103 neurons). Using RSA with identical model weights from our human study, we find: (1) all models achieve higher alignment with macaque early visual cortex (rho = 0.15-0.30 at V1/V2) than with human fMRI (rho = 0.01-0.08); (2) STDP and PC produce the highest macaque V1/V2 alignment; (3) at IT, rankings show no detectable correlation across species (Kendall's tau = 0.00), though this null is expected given that n = 5 provides power only at tau = +/-1.0; (4) a pretrained ResNet-50 achieves rho = 0.25 at macaque IT, substantially above all custom CNN conditions (rho = 0.07-0.14), suggesting IT alignment is limited by model capacity rather than by the learning rule.
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