用两种内部奖励提升大模型推理稳定性,无需人工标注
Two is better than one: A Collapse-free Multi-Reward RLIF Training Framework
- 拆分内部奖励为答案级投票和生成级自确信,互补增强信号
- 在数学推理与代码生成任务中表现接近有监督方法,避免熵崩溃
- 适合追求无监督训练稳定性的研究者与工业落地场景
基于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)显著提升了大模型的推理能力,但通常依赖人工标注或标准答案。最近出现的从内部反馈中学习(RLIF)提供了可扩展的无监督替代方案,利用模型自身生成信号。然而现有方法多依赖单一内部奖励,易导致奖励欺骗、熵坍塌及推理结构退化。本文提出一种多奖励RLIF框架,将训练信号分解为两个互补成分:基于聚类投票的答案级奖励和基于标记级自确信的完成度奖励。为稳健融合信号,采用基于GDPO的归一化以缓解奖励量纲不平衡问题。进一步引入KL-Cov正则化,针对导致熵过度降低的低熵标记分布,维持探索性并防止后期坍塌。在数学推理与代码生成基准测试中,该方法相比先前无监督强化学习更稳定可靠,性能接近有监督的RLVR方法。结果表明,互补的内部奖励结合针对性正则化,可在不依赖外部真值监督的前提下支持稳定的长序列推理。代码即将开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has substantially improved the reasoning ability of LLMs, but often depends on external supervision from human annotations or gold-standard solutions. Reinforcement learning from internal feedback (RLIF) has recently emerged as a scalable unsupervised alternative, using signals extracted from the model itself. However, existing RLIF methods typically rely on a single internal reward, which can lead to reward hacking, entropy collapse, and degraded reasoning structure. We propose a multi-reward RLIF framework that decomposes the training signal into two complementary components: an answer-level reward based on cluster voting and a completion-level reward based on token-wise self-certainty. To combine these signals robustly, we apply GDPO-based normalization to reduce reward-scale imbalance. We further introduce KL-Cov regularization, which targets low-entropy token distributions responsible for disproportionate entropy reduction, preserving exploration and preventing late-stage collapse. Across mathematical reasoning and code-generation benchmarks, our method improves stability and robustness over prior unsupervised RL approaches, while achieving performance close to supervised RLVR methods. These results show that complementary internal rewards, combined with targeted regularization, can support stable long-horizon reasoning without relying on external ground-truth supervision. Code will be released soon.
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