arXiv:2605.24144cs.ARcs.LG2026-05中稿 · ISCA 2026被引 1

用新架构让大模型解码快11倍,同时省电7倍。

EVA: Accelerating LLM Decoding via an Efficient Vector Quantization Architecture

论文配图:EVA: Accelerating LLM Decoding via an Efficient Vector Quantization Architecture
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 把解码从低效的GEMV转为高效的GEMM,直接计算输入与权值码本的点积。
  • 通过中间缓存结构避免码本访问冲突,提升内存利用率。
  • 硬件软件协同优化,兼容传统推理,适合部署在通用加速器上。

大语言模型在多个领域表现优异,但自回归解码阶段效率低下。与计算密集型预填充阶段不同,解码执行一系列小规模的GEMV类计算,属于内存密集型且无法充分利用现代加速器。权值仅量化(VQ)技术通过将模型权值聚类到共享码本中,并用低精度索引替代原权重矩阵,实现2比特级压缩。尽管该方法显著降低模型大小和内存带宽需求,但仍存在两大瓶颈:GEMV计算利用率低,以及码本查找时频繁发生内存冲突。本文提出EVA,一种基于高效向量量化架构的解码加速方案,同时解决计算与内存瓶颈。EVA基于一个简单而有效的洞察:将输入与码本的计算与无冲突内存访问结合。不再通过索引重构量化权重,而是直接对输入向量与权值码本进行点积运算,将解码从GEMV转换为GEMM计算;随后通过结构化查找中间输出缓冲区,消除内存银行冲突。我们进一步设计了针对大模型解码定制的软硬件协同架构,同时保持与常规预填充执行的兼容性。评估表明,相较于最先进基于查找的架构,EVA实现最高11.17倍的加速比和7.17倍更高的能效,且量化后仍保持算术精度。代码已开源:https://github.com/dbw6/Eva.git。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across diverse domains but remain inefficient during the autoregressive decoding phase. Unlike the prefill stage, which employs compute-bound GEMM operations, decoding executes a sequence of small GEMV-like computations that are memory-bound and underutilize modern accelerators. Weight-only vector quantization (VQ) has emerged as an effective compression technique that clusters model weights into a shared codebook and replaces the original weight matrix with low-precision indices, enabling 2-bit-level weight compression. While this approach substantially reduces model size and memory bandwidth, it still suffers from two critical inefficiencies: the low utilization of GEMV computation and frequent memory conflicts during codebook lookups. This paper presents EVA, an efficient vector-quantization-based architecture that addresses both computational and memory bottlenecks in LLM decoding. EVA builds on a simple yet effective insight that combines input-codebook computation with conflict-free memory access. Instead of reconstructing quantized weights from indices, EVA directly performs dot products between input vectors and the weight codebook, transforming LLM decoding from GEMV to GEMM computation. It then performs structured lookups from an intermediate output buffer, eliminating memory bank conflicts. We further design a hardware-software co-optimized architecture specialized for LLM decoding while remaining compatible with conventional prefill execution. Evaluations show that EVA achieves up to 11.17$\times$ speedup and 7.17$\times$ higher energy efficiency compared with the SOTA lookup-based architecture, while preserving arithmetic precision after vector quantization. Our code is available at https://github.com/dbw6/Eva.git.

大模型推理向量量化加速架构GEMM优化

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