让AI在未知规则中自主推理,突破试错死循环。
Test-Time Deep Thinking to Explore Implicit Rules

- 用思考模块分析交互历史,推断隐藏规则
- 训练后平均提升14-19分,显著改善任务成功率
- 适合需要自主探索的智能体场景
随着大语言模型的持续发展,智能体在复杂环境中的作用日益重要。然而,在存在隐性规则(即无法直接观察、需通过交互推断的隐藏约束)的环境中,智能体常陷入重复试错循环,最终导致任务失败。为此,我们提出测试时探索框架TTExplore,其中思考模块分析交互历史以推断隐性规则并指导行为。有效探索依赖于思考模块的深层推理能力,但评估复杂推理路径本身不稳定且困难,严重制约训练效果。为此,我们设计一种新型稳定强化学习流程:使用精确的任务级评分作为间接奖励,跳过中间推理评价难题;同时每条轨迹仅保留一个思考节点,缓解奖励稀疏问题。基于此流程,我们训练了一个70亿参数的专用模型Exp-Thinker。在五个文本式具身任务上的实验表明,配备Exp-Thinker的TTExplore使基线智能体性能平均提升14至19分,验证了显式推理隐性规则的有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
With the continuous advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), intelligent agents are becoming increasingly vital. However, these agents often fail in environments governed by implicit rules--hidden constraints that cannot be observed directly and must be inferred through interaction. This causes agents to fall into repetitive trial-and-error loops, ultimately leading to task failure. To address this challenge, we propose Test-Time Exploration (TTExplore), a framework where a thinker component analyzes interaction history to infer these implicit rules and guide an actor. Effective exploration in this setting critically depends on the reasoning ability of the thinker. However, evaluating deep reasoning trajectories is inherently unstable and difficult, which poses a major obstacle to effective training. To overcome this issue, we introduce a novel and stable reinforcement learning pipeline. The core idea is to use accurate task-level scores as indirect rewards to bypass the difficulty of evaluating intermediate reasoning, and to retain only a single thinking node per trajectory to alleviate reward sparsity. Using this pipeline, we train a specialized 7B model, Exp-Thinker. Experiments on five text-based embodied tasks show that TTExplore equipped with Exp-Thinker improves baseline agent performance by an average of $14$-$19$ points, demonstrating the effectiveness of explicitly reasoning about implicit rules.
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