arXiv:2605.25424cs.LGcs.AI2026-05

让大模型路由学会存钱,用强化学习规划全局资源,避免中途没钱用。

SeqRoute: Global Budget-Aware Sequential LLM Routing via Offline Reinforcement Learning

论文配图:SeqRoute: Global Budget-Aware Sequential LLM Routing via Offline Reinforcement Learning
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将多轮对话建模为带预算的状态决策过程,用离线强化学习学延迟满足。
  • 在10,000次会话中生成238万条数据,训练后破产率低于1%。
  • 部署时无需重训即可在成本与质量间自由切换,适合生产环境长期使用。

现有大模型路由框架将查询视为独立事件,忽略了真实用户会话受全局计算预算约束的连续性。这种不匹配导致预算耗尽:短视策略在早期消耗过多资源,使后续更复杂的请求被迫使用低性能模型。我们提出SeqRoute,将多轮路由建模为有限时域马尔可夫决策过程,并通过离线强化学习求解。通过将剩余预算纳入状态空间,并采用保守Q学习(CQL),SeqRoute学会延迟满足,战略性保留资源以应对后期高风险回合。为克服数据稀缺问题,我们提出事后预算重标注(HBR)技术,回溯模拟历史轨迹在多种假设预算下的表现,将10,000次原始会话扩展为238万条包含关键破产信号的训练样本。部署时,动态λ-扫描机制实现零样本导航成本-质量帕累托前沿,无需重新训练。大量实验表明,SeqRoute降低6.0%-73.5%运营成本,同时保持或提升质量,破产率控制在1%以下,在整个帕累托前沿上严格优于行为克隆、预算感知启发式和静态基线。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Existing LLM routing frameworks treat queries as independent events, neglecting the sequential nature of real-world user sessions constrained by global computational budgets. This mismatch inevitably leads to budget bankruptcy: myopic routing policies exhaust resources on early interactions, forcing subsequent and often more complex queries onto inadequate models. We introduce SeqRoute, a framework that formulates multi-turn routing as a finite-horizon Markov Decision Process and solves it via offline reinforcement learning. By incorporating the remaining budget into the state space and training with Conservative Q-Learning (CQL), SeqRoute learns delayed gratification to strategically preserve resources for high-stakes turns later in the session. To overcome data starvation, we propose Hindsight Budget Relabeling (HBR). This technique retrospectively simulates historical trajectories under diverse hypothetical budgets, expanding 10,000 raw sessions into 2.38 million transitions enriched with critical bankruptcy signals. At deployment, a dynamic $λ$-sweep mechanism enables zero-shot navigation of the cost-quality Pareto frontier without retraining. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that SeqRoute reduces operational costs by 6.0-73.5% while maintaining or improving quality, and suppresses bankruptcy rates to under 1%, strictly dominating behavior cloning, budget-aware heuristics, and static baselines across the entire Pareto frontier.

大模型路由强化学习预算管理序列决策

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