arXiv:2605.25902cs.LG2026-05被引 2

无需模型权重即可精准恢复微调内容,且速度比现有方法快170倍。

Reading the Finetuning Prior: Verbatim Content Recovery via Contrastive Decoding Diffing

论文配图:Reading the Finetuning Prior: Verbatim Content Recovery via Contrastive Decoding Diffing
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 仅通过输出层的logit差异对比,无需访问模型内部参数。
  • 能完整复现药物名、投票数等具体事实,跨4种模型架构均有效。
  • 可发现数据生成缺陷导致的隐蔽信息泄露,适合模型审计与安全检测。

微调后的语言模型会逐字记忆植入内容,但无法访问权重或训练数据时,审计其学习内容仍是开放挑战。已有工作表明,基础模型与微调模型之间的激活差异蕴含可读的微调领域线索;当前最先进的激活差异透镜(ADL)虽能恢复模糊的领域描述,但需完全“白盒”访问模型内部。本文提出仅基于输出层logit分布的对比解码差分方法(CDD),无需权重访问、无需层选择、无需模型定制,即可恢复植入事实。CDD包含三项设计:绕过对话模板以暴露原始微调先验、使用极模糊前缀引导生成、在每一步解码中放大微调与基础模型间的logit差异。单一默认配置即能逐字恢复药物名称、投票数、物理测量值及流程细节,覆盖1B至32B参数的四种架构,性能全面超越ADL,且运行速度快约170倍。此外,CDD还揭示了数据流水线中的意外产物:由大模型数据生成器引发的模式崩溃导致虚构角色被植入模型权重,并被成功提取,构成目前已知首个从数据生成缺陷到模型权重再到输出结果的端到端指纹链。在真实微调场景下验证,所有单数据集非思维链变体实现近完美恢复,混合数据集设置下正确识别出全部四个数据集。CDD作为灰盒方法超越白盒基线,凸显其在人工智能系统透明性与问责制中的实用价值。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Narrowly finetuned language models memorize implanted content verbatim, but auditing what a deployed model has been taught, without access to its weights or training data, remains an open challenge. Recent work shows that activation differences between base and finetuned models carry readable traces of the finetuning domain; the state-of-the-art Activation Difference Lens (ADL) recovers a vague domain-level description but requires full "white-box" access to model internals. We introduce Contrastive Decoding Diffing (CDD), a model diffing method that operates on output-level logit distributions only, with no weight access, no layer selection, and no per-model tuning, yet recovers implanted facts. CDD consists of three ideas: bypassing the chat template to expose the raw finetuning prior, seeding generation with maximally vague pre-fills, and amplifying the logit-space difference between finetuned and base models at each decoding step. A single default configuration recovers implanted facts verbatim -- exact drug names, vote counts, physical measurements, and procedural details -- across four architectures (1B--32B parameters), uniformly outperforming ADL despite less access and running ~170x faster. Furthermore, CDD surfaces unintended data pipeline artifacts: a fictional persona introduced by the LLM data generator via mode collapse leaked into model weights and was extracted by CDD, constituting to our knowledge the first demonstrated end-to-end fingerprinting chain from data generator artifact to model weights to recovered output. We validate on real-domain finetuning settings, achieving near-perfect recovery across all single-dataset non-CoT variants and correctly identifying all four datasets in the mixed-dataset setting. CDD's success as a grey-box method outperforming white-box baselines underscores its practical utility for transparency and accountability in AI systems.

模型审计内容恢复微调分析灰盒检测

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