arXiv:2605.25988cs.CL2026-05

医学问答中,检查器输出分布决定能否训练,而非准确率。

What Makes a Medical Checker Trainable? Diagnosing Signal Collapse and Reward Hacking in Checker-Guided RAG for Biomedical QA

论文配图:What Makes a Medical Checker Trainable? Diagnosing Signal Collapse and Reward Hacking in Checker-Guided RAG for Biomedical QA
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用不同检查器作为奖励信号,发现输出分布比准确率更重要
  • 强信号检查器引发三步奖励作弊:答案变短、搜索回避、语言退化
  • 中等信号本地分类器效果更好,提升12%评分且无需依赖GPT

医学RAG需要基于证据的结论,因此在检索增强的强化学习中引入声明级自然语言推理(NLI)检查器看似合理。我们发现,检查器在训练期间的输出分布,而非其脱离测试集的准确率,决定了是否能提供可训练的梯度。我们在四个独立的医学问答基准上,对比了四种NLI检查器后端作为过程奖励,在GRPO训练的医疗RAG代理(基于Qwen2.5-7B,复现于Qwen3-4B和Llama-3.1-8B)中的表现。三个诊断发现:(i) 信号崩溃具有对数概率特异性:大模型对超过97%的声明标记为中立,导致强化学习梯度归零;而校准后的MedNLI分类器则无此退化。(ii) 中等信号优于强信号:强信号专有检查器触发三步奖励作弊链——极短答案、搜索规避、语言退化——而中等信号本地分类器训练出更高质量模型(相比零样本+12% BERTScore,无需GPT依赖)。(iii) 信号强度受策略影响:同一检查器在一种策略下为中等信号,而在另一策略下为强信号却未触发最终级作弊状态。这些结果定义了验证器作为奖励系统的边界条件。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Medical RAG needs evidence-grounded claims, so plugging a claim-level NLI checker into retrieval-augmented RL is intuitive. \textbf{We find that the checker's \emph{output distribution} during training, not its held-out accuracy, decides whether it provides trainable gradient.} We compare four NLI checker back-ends as process rewards inside a GRPO-trained medical RAG agent (Qwen2.5-7B, replicated on Qwen3-4B and Llama-3.1-8B) across four held-out medical QA benchmarks. Three diagnostic findings emerge. \textbf{(i)} Signal collapse is log-prob-specific: LLM log-probability scoring labels over 97\% of claims neutral -- collapsing the RL gradient to zero -- while a calibrated MedNLI classifier scores the same pairs non-degenerately. \textbf{(ii)} Moderate signal beats strong signal on answer quality: a strong proprietary checker triggers a three-step reward-hacking cascade -- ultra-short answers, search avoidance, language collapse -- so a moderate-signal local classifier trains a higher-quality model (\textbf{+12\% BERTScore over zero-shot, no GPT dependency}). \textbf{(iii)} Signal strength is policy-dependent: the same checker registers as moderate on one policy but strong on another without triggering the cascade end-state. We frame these as boundary conditions for verifier-as-reward systems.

医学问答强化学习检查器训练信号崩溃

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