arXiv:2605.26047cs.AI2026-05

对比重试与重采样,发现重采样更安全且高效。

Retrying vs Resampling in AI Control

论文配图:Retrying vs Resampling in AI Control
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用多样本重采样替代逐次重试,避免泄露模型攻击线索。
  • 在BashArena上将安全率从61%提升至71%,仅用0.3%审计预算。
  • 仅对可疑步骤重采样,节省90%样本量仍可获6.2%安全提升。

AI编程框架如Claude Code和Codex采用重试机制:对被标记为风险的动作进行阻断并继续生成轨迹。本文从AI控制视角研究该机制,将模型视为潜在敌手。发现虽然重试能降低诚实怀疑分数,但不可信模型可利用监控逻辑构造更隐蔽的攻击,抵消安全收益。我们转而研究重采样:从相同上下文生成多个样本,不泄露可被利用的信息。拆解了此前重采样研究中混杂的设计选择。在BashArena测试中,使用Claude Opus 4.6作为不可信模型、MiMo-V2-Flash作为可信监控器,每步抽取5个样本并基于最大怀疑分数审计,使安全率从61%提升至71%,审计预算仅为0.3%,且不影响可用性。仅对首次生成中可疑步骤进行重采样,仅需原样本量的10%,即可恢复6.2个百分点的安全增益。两项发现与先前工作矛盾:其一,基于最大怀疑分数审计优于最小值,与Ctrl-Z结论相反;其二,执行怀疑分数最低的样本(早期去信任重采样协议核心)仅带来3.9个百分点的安全提升(置信区间包含零),效果有限。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

AI coding scaffolds like Claude Code and Codex use retrying: blocking actions flagged as risky and continuing the trajectory. We study retrying from an AI control perspective, which treats the model as potentially adversarial. We find that while retrying reduces honest suspicion scores, the untrusted model can exploit monitor rationale to construct sneakier attacks, negating safety gains. We also study resampling: drawing multiple samples from the same context, which does not leak exploitable information. We disentangle design choices that previous work on resampling had bundled together. In BashArena, with Claude Opus 4.6 as the untrusted model and MiMo-V2-Flash as the trusted monitor, drawing five samples per step and auditing on the maximum suspicion score raises safety from 61% to 71% at a 0.3% audit budget, at no cost to usefulness. Selectively resampling only the steps that look suspicious on the first draw recovers 6.2 percentage points of the gain while drawing only 10% as many extra samples. Two of our findings in this setting contradict earlier work on resampling. The first is that auditing based on the maximum across resampled suspicion scores outperforms using the minimum, which is the opposite of what Ctrl-Z found. The second is that executing the least suspicious sample, which is the central mechanism in earlier defer-to-resample protocols, gives only a small empirical safety gain in our setting (+3.9 pp, with the confidence interval overlapping zero).

AI安全重采样代码生成监控机制

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