arXiv:2605.26857cs.LG2026-05中稿 · ICML

无需标注数据,零样本检测图异常,通用性强。

Generalist Graph Anomaly Detection via Prototype-Based Distillation

论文配图:Generalist Graph Anomaly Detection via Prototype-Based Distillation
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用自监督模型提炼正常模式,学生网络分共享与个性化分支
  • 通过原型对齐实现跨图泛化,推理时零样本检测异常
  • 适合无标签、新图场景,对未知异常模式鲁棒

为应对高风险领域对图异常检测(GAD)的迫切需求,通用型GAD范式近年来受到关注,即训练一个可在新图上迁移的单一检测器。然而现有方法常依赖稀缺且昂贵的标注,甚至需少样本支持,限制了其对多样未见异常模式的鲁棒性。为此,我们提出ProMoS,首个无监督通用型GAD框架,通过建模无标签数据中的丰富正常性来检测异常。ProMoS采用知识蒸馏范式,从冻结的自监督图神经网络(GNN)教师模型中蒸馏正常性先验至混合学生模型,该模型包含共享全局分支与轻量个性化分支,实现高效且表达力强的正常性建模,无需从头学习。我们进一步提出原型引导的软标签蒸馏,将教师与学生对齐于共享原型空间,提升跨图泛化能力。推理时,ProMoS通过蒸馏偏差和原型几何偏离实现未见图上的零样本异常检测。大量实验验证了ProMoS的有效性与效率,为无标签、零样本通用型GAD开辟了可行路径。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Driven by the pressing demand for graph anomaly detection (GAD) in high-stakes domains, the generalist GAD paradigm, which trains a single detector transferable across new graphs, has recently gained growing attention. However, existing methods often rely on scarce and costly annotations for training and sometimes even require few-shot support at inference, which limits their robustness to diverse and unseen anomaly patterns. To address this limitation, we introduce ProMoS, the first unsupervised generalist GAD framework, which detects anomalies by modeling the abundant normality in unlabeled data. ProMoS adopts a knowledge-distillation paradigm to distill normality priors from a frozen self-supervised graph neural network (GNN) teacher to a mixture-of-students model with shared global and lightweight personalized branches, enabling efficient and expressive normality modeling without learning from scratch. We further propose prototype-guided soft-label distillation to align teacher and student in a shared prototype space, enhancing cross-graph generalizability. During inference, ProMoS performs zero-shot anomaly detection on unseen graphs via distillation bias and prototype geometric deviation. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness and efficiency of ProMoS, charting a practical path toward label-free, zero-shot generalist GAD.

图异常检测无监督学习知识蒸馏零样本

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