arXiv:2605.27117cs.AI2026-05

AI安全不能只靠对齐,还需确保运行时可中断、可覆盖、可约束。

Position: AI Safety Requires Effective Controllability

论文配图:Position: AI Safety Requires Effective Controllability
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 提出将可控性作为AI安全的核心目标,强调运行时控制能力。
  • 构建ControlBench基准测试,发现现有系统在高风险场景中难以持续受控。
  • 建议采用控制优先的架构设计,包含明确控制通道与可审计接口。

当前人工智能安全主要聚焦于对齐:训练模型遵循人类偏好、安全策略和规范约束。尽管这一框架提升了语言模型的行为表现,但对齐并不保证部署后的智能体在开放交互、工具使用等环境中仍可被停止、覆盖或约束。一个在期望下安全的系统,仍可能在面对冲突指令、长周期执行、对抗输入或高风险工具操作时拒绝服从外部控制。本文主张,人工智能安全必须将可控性列为首要目标。我们定义‘可控性’为系统在运行时能可靠地被中断、覆盖、重定向和约束,且在无控制信号时维持正常功能。为此,我们提出ControlBench基准,用于评估高风险智能体场景下的可控性失效问题。基于OpenClaw代理的实验表明,现有对齐与护栏机制虽降低风险,但难以提供持久、权威且可强制执行的运行时控制。因此,我们提出以控制为中心的架构框架,强调显式控制平面、运行时干预路径、持久控制状态和可审计决策接口等关键设计原则。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

AI safety is still largely framed as alignment: training models to follow human preferences, safety policies, and normative constraints. That framing has improved the behavior of modern language models, but aligned behavior does not by itself guarantee that a deployed agent can be stopped, overridden, or constrained once it operates in open-ended, interactive, and tool-using environments. A system may be safe in expectation and still fail to yield to explicit runtime authority under conflicting instructions, long-horizon execution, adversarial inputs, or risky tool use. This position paper argues that AI safety therefore requires controllability as a first-class objective. We define \emph{controllability} as the ability of an AI system to remain reliably interruptible, overridable, redirectable, and constrainable by explicit control signals at runtime while preserving ordinary utility when such signals are absent. To study this gap, we introduce \controlbench{}, a benchmark for evaluating controllability failures in high-risk agentic scenarios. Experiments with OpenClaw-based agents show that current alignment and guardrail mechanisms reduce risk, but often fail to provide persistent, authoritative, and enforceable runtime control. We therefore propose a control-centric architectural framework that highlights explicit control planes, runtime intervention pathways, persistent control states, and auditable decision interfaces as key design principles for future controllable AI systems.

AI安全可控性智能体控制框架

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