arXiv:2605.27523stat.MLcs.LG2026-05

提出可识别的深层生成共现模型,支持任意边缘分布的混合数据建模。

Identifiable Bayesian Deep Generative Copulas with Unknown Layer Widths for Data with Arbitrary Marginal Distributions

论文配图:Identifiable Bayesian Deep Generative Copulas with Unknown Layer Widths for Data with Arbitrary Marginal Distributions
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 在共现框架中嵌入分层二值潜在变量网络,实现可解释的依赖结构建模。
  • 基于秩似然估计,无需指定边缘分布即可分离边缘建模与参数推断。
  • 支持自适应学习网络层数,适合复杂多变量数据的可解释分析。

深度生成模型为多变量数据分析提供了强大工具,但其黑箱结构常难以识别和解释。本文提出深度离散编码器(DDE)共现模型,一种针对任意边缘分布的可识别、可解释生成模型。该模型在共现框架中引入分层有向二值潜在变量网络,可灵活建模混合离散与连续数据的依赖关系。估计基于秩似然,解耦边缘建模与对DDE参数的后验推断,避免指定边缘分布。我们建立了DDE共现模型参数可识别的条件,确保各层参数能提供有意义的多变量依赖总结。对于连续边缘,证明了在精确秩似然下的商空间后验一致性;对存在重复值或混合边缘的情形,将扩展秩似然视为广义似然,并在额外对比条件下证明其后验集中性。计算上,提出用于最大后验估计的随机期望最大化算法,配合改进的初始化策略以提升收敛性。为自适应学习网络维度,将贝叶斯秩选择先验扩展至层宽推断。模拟实验显示良好的小样本性能,人格问卷分析揭示复杂多变量数据中可解释的层次潜在结构。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Deep generative models offer powerful tools for multivariate data analysis, but their black-box architectures are often unidentified and difficult to interpret. We introduce the Deep Discrete Encoder (DDE) Copula, an identifiable and interpretable generative model for multivariate data with arbitrary marginal distributions. The model places a hierarchical directed network of binary latent variables inside a copula framework, enabling flexible dependence modeling for mixed discrete and continuous data. Estimation is based on rank likelihoods, which decouple marginal modeling from posterior inference on the DDE parameters and avoid specifying the marginal distributions. We establish conditions for identification of the DDE copula parameters, ensuring that layer-specific parameters provide meaningful summaries of multivariate dependence. We also prove quotient-space posterior consistency for continuous margins under the exact rank likelihood and treat the extended rank likelihood for tied or mixed margins as a generalized likelihood, with concentration under an additional contrast condition. For computation, we propose a stochastic expectation-maximization algorithm for \emph{maximum a posteriori} estimation, together with initialization strategies that improve convergence. To learn network dimension adaptively, we extend Bayesian rank-selection priors to infer layer-specific widths. Simulations show strong finite-sample performance, and a personality-survey analysis reveals interpretable hierarchical latent structure in complex multivariate data.

生成模型共现模型可解释性多变量分析

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