arXiv:2605.27527astro-ph.IMcs.LG2026-05

用神经过程快速重建天文瞬变光变曲线,支持多波段、无需调参。

Probabilistic Data-Driven Modelling of Astrophysical Transients: The Neural Process Family for Ultrafast and Class-Agnostic Light Curve Reconstruction with NightLANP

论文配图:Probabilistic Data-Driven Modelling of Astrophysical Transients: The Neural Process Family for Ultrafast and Class-Agnostic Light Curve Reconstruction with NightLANP
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 基于元学习的神经过程模型,训练后可极速推断
  • 在15类瞬变源上均超越传统方法,速度提升万倍以上
  • 适合实时处理韦拉·鲁宾望远镜的海量天文警报数据

地球上的天体观测受天气、环境和科学条件限制,导致光变曲线稀疏且不规则。在韦拉·鲁宾天文台时空巡天计划(LSST)即将开启之际,其数据集为瞬变天体研究带来前所未有的机遇,但六波段观测周期稀疏且不规则,制约了科学推断。现有插值方法以高斯过程为主,但难以捕捉跨波段相关性,需预先设定核函数,且需逐条拟合,扩展性差。本文提出神经过程家族模型,融合高斯过程的概率框架与深度学习的可扩展性。通过在多样化模拟瞬变源上进行元学习,注意力神经过程将大部分计算移至训练阶段,实现快速、泛化性强的推断。在15类真实瞬变源的鲁宾观测节奏下评估显示,即使未经优化的原始模型也始终优于所有基准——包括多种高斯过程与神经网络,在回归精度、天体特征恢复和概率校准等指标上全面领先。模型可在微秒级内同步重建所有波段,比次优神经模型快超万倍,比高斯过程快五倍,具备处理每晚鲁宾警报流的能力。注意力神经过程避免了标准神经网络的过度自信和高斯过程的保守估计,提供精准且校准良好的不确定性。本工作确立了神经过程家族作为鲁宾时代实时瞬变天体科学研究的可扩展概率基础。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Astrophysical observations from Earth are subject to weather, environmental, and scientific constraints that lead to sparse, irregular light curves. On the eve of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, its dataset offers unprecedented opportunities for transient science. Yet a key challenge remains its cadence, sparse and irregular across six bands, limiting inference. Interpolation helps mitigate this, with Gaussian Processes the standard, but they struggle with cross-band correlations, require a priori kernel specification, and must be fit to each light curve individually, hence scaling poorly. Here, we introduce the neural process family for light curve reconstruction, combining the probabilistic framework of Gaussian Processes with the scalability of deep learning. By meta-learning on diverse simulated transients, Attentive Neural Processes shift the bulk of computation to training, enabling rapid, amortized inference with a class-agnostic model. Evaluated on realistic Rubin cadences across 15 transient classes, we show that even an unoptimized, out-of-the-box Attentive Neural Process consistently outperforms all benchmarks -- a suite of Gaussian Processes and neural networks -- on every tested metric, spanning regression quality, astrophysical feature recovery, and probabilistic calibration. Our model interpolates all bands simultaneously in microseconds, over four orders of magnitude faster than the next-best neural benchmark and five faster than Gaussian Processes, demonstrating the potential of neural processes for the nightly Rubin alert stream. Attentive Neural Processes avoid the overconfidence of standard neural networks and the underconfidence of Gaussian Processes, delivering sharp, well-calibrated uncertainties. This work establishes the neural process family as a scalable, probabilistic foundation for real-time transient science in the Rubin era.

光变曲线神经过程天体物理实时分析

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