一个模型统一模拟多种液体池沸腾,突破了传统方法的局限。
NUCLEUS-MoE: Unified Model of Pool Boiling for Liquid Cooling

- 用专家混合架构替代多个专用模型,实现跨流体通用建模。
- 在三种流体上准确预测饱和与过冷沸腾,对极端条件也有效。
- 无需额外训练即可泛化到新流体,适合科研与工程设计使用。
两相沸腾的传热效率比单相冷却高一个数量级,但因其相变、湍流与输运过程强耦合,且对物性与热力学条件极度敏感,建模极为困难。现有基于学习的代理模型多为特定工况或特定流体设计,难以泛化,需独立构建。我们提出NUCLEUS,一种用于池沸腾的专家混合模型,将多个专用代理整合为单一架构。NUCLEUS结合邻域注意力、界面一致性保障的符号距离场重初始化,以及具备涌现专化的专家路由机制。模型在高保真池沸腾仿真数据上训练,可同时建模三类流体(介电液体、制冷剂、低温液体)的饱和与过冷沸腾,成功克服了先前模型在极端流体上的失效问题。我们发现专家路由在空间上呈现一致结构并自发形成功能专化,无须显式监督。定量结果表明,NUCLEUS性能媲美或优于基线模型,且在异构沸腾配置中保持物理一致性。此外,在下游任务中展示出零样本与少样本泛化能力,例如对新型浸没冷却流体Opteon 2P50的预测。结果表明,专家混合模型是实现沸腾动力学统一代理建模的可扩展路径,为科学机器学习的广泛泛化奠定基础。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Two-phase boiling enables heat transfer rates an order of magnitude higher than single-phase cooling, but it remains difficult to model due to the strong coupling between phase change, turbulence, and transport, as well as extreme sensitivity to fluid properties and thermodynamic conditions. Existing learning-based surrogates are either condition- or fluid-specific, limiting generalization and requiring separate models. We present NUCLEUS, a mixture-of-experts model for pool boiling that replaces collections of specialized surrogates with a single architecture. NUCLEUS combines neighborhood attention, signed distance field reinitialization for interface consistency, and expert routing that exhibits emergent specialization across distinct boiling dynamics. Trained on high-fidelity simulations of pool boiling, NUCLEUS jointly models saturated and subcooled boiling across three fluid classes (dielectrics, refrigerants, and cryogens), resolving failure modes of prior models on extreme fluids. We show that expert routing exhibits coherent spatial structure and specialization without explicit supervision. Quantitatively, NUCLEUS matches or exceeds baselines while maintaining physical consistency across heterogeneous boiling configurations. We also show zero-shot and few-shot generalization capabilities on downstream tasks such as a new fluid (Opteon 2P50 developed for immersion cooling). These results demonstrate that mixture-of-experts models are a scalable pathway toward unified surrogate modeling of boiling dynamics and lay the groundwork for broader generalization across scientific ML.
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