攻击者通过替换底层随机数生成器,在不破坏文本质量的前提下隐蔽增强水印信号。
Blind PRNG Hijacking: An Undetectable Integrity-Preserving Attack Against LLM Watermarking

- 在供应链层替换伪随机数生成器,实现无感知干扰
- 使水印得分提升最高达2.42倍,且零触发现有检测器
- 适用于研究水印安全性的学者与系统设计者
密码学水印是追踪大语言模型生成内容的主要防御手段。现有方案(如 KGW、Unigram、DipMark)的安全性依赖于伪随机数生成器(PRNG)的可信性。本文提出 SeedHijack,首个同时满足三重特性的供应链攻击:(i)盲态——无需知晓水印密钥、检测器或模型输出概率;(ii)完整性保持——增强而非抹除水印信号;(iii)与检测正交——攻击引入的偏差与内容侧检测统计无关,实现增强与逃避无损共存。该攻击不修改生成文本,而是通过替换供应链层的 PRNG,偏置绿名单选择。在三种水印方案和三个开源 LLM 上测试,攻击导致 0/6 个主流内容侧统计检测器触发,同时将水印 z-score 提升至最高 2.42 倍。量子随机数生成器(QRNG)可完全抵消该攻击,同时保留正常水印功能。研究揭示了 PRNG 完整性是内容溯源系统的关键安全要求。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Cryptographic watermarking is a leading defense for attributing text generated by large language models (LLMs). Existing schemes, including KGW, Unigram, and DipMark, derive their security guarantees from the assumption that the underlying pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) is trustworthy. This work introduces SeedHijack, the first supply-chain attack on LLM watermarking that is simultaneously (i) blind -- requiring no knowledge of the watermark key, detector, or model logits, (ii) integrity-preserving -- amplifying rather than erasing the watermark signal, and (iii) orthogonal to detection -- the attack-induced bias is statistically independent of all content-side detector statistics, ensuring that amplification and evasion coexist without trade-off. Rather than perturbing generated text, SeedHijack replaces the PRNG at the supply-chain layer, biasing green-list selection without altering output tokens or degrading text quality. Across three watermarking schemes and three open-source LLMs, the attack triggers 0/6 state-of-the-art content-side statistical detectors while inflating the watermark z-score up to 2.42x (system-level defenses such as entropy-source attestation remain orthogonal and complementary). A quantum random number generator (QRNG) countermeasure is shown to fully neutralize the attack while preserving benign watermarking utility. These findings establish PRNG integrity as a first-class security requirement for cryptographic content-provenance systems.
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