攻击者可黑盒重建图RAG中的知识图谱结构,泄露敏感信息。
GraphSteal: Structural Knowledge Stealing from Graph RAG via Traversal Reconstruction

- 通过深度启发式与广度扩散搜索,从查询交互中重构图结构
- 在通用和医疗场景下恢复超90%原始知识图谱,精度高
- 揭示图RAG结构性隐私风险,适合关注AI安全的研究者
检索增强生成(RAG)通过引入外部证据提升大模型的生成能力。传统RAG使用非结构化文本,而图RAG则将知识图谱融入检索流程,使大模型能访问实体、关系及多跳依赖等结构化知识。然而,这种结构化数据也带来了新的隐私威胁。本文证明,攻击者可通过自适应的黑盒交互,从图RAG系统中获取足够关系线索,重建出大部分隐藏的知识图谱。我们提出一种面向结构的重建框架,从局部与全局视角恢复目标图:深度启发式搜索通过递归扩展实体为中心的证据,提取细粒度节点属性;广度扩散搜索则通过关系诱导邻域传播,推断图拓扑结构。在通用与医疗场景的实验表明,该方法可从代表性图RAG系统中恢复超过90%的原图结构,精准还原敏感实体、关系及结构依赖。现有防护机制对本攻击防御有限,凸显了图RAG管道中结构隐私保护的固有挑战。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances LLMs by grounding generation in query-relevant external evidence. Beyond unstructured text corpora, Graph RAG integrates knowledge graphs into the retrieval pipeline, enabling LLMs to access entities, relations, and multi-hop dependencies encoded in structured knowledge. However, the same structured knowledge that empowers Graph RAG also creates a new privacy attack surface. We demonstrate that Graph RAG systems can be turned into structural oracles: through adaptive black-box interactions, an adversary can elicit sufficient relational evidence to reconstruct substantial portions of the hidden knowledge graph. We propose a structure-oriented reconstruction framework that recovers targeted graphs from both local and global perspectives. Specifically, Depth-Wise Heuristic Search extracts fine-grained node attributes by recursively expanding entity-centered evidence, while Breadth-Wise Diffusion Search infers graph topology by propagating across relation-induced neighborhoods. Experiments on generic and healthcare scenarios demonstrate that our method can recover over 90\% of the original knowledge graph from representative Graph RAG systems, revealing sensitive entities, relations, and structural dependencies with high fidelity. Existing guradrails provide limited defense against our attack, highlighting the inherent difficulty of safeguarding structural privacy in Graph RAG pipelines.
Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。